HIST FINAL EXAM

ID terms and Some additional info

Foreign Policy

How a country uses different strategies to guide its relationships with other countries and international organizations. Made up of different global issues, relationships with other countries, and domestic politics.

Foreign Policy:

Cold War

The Cold War was a prolonged period of intense rivalry and ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, lasting from the end of World War II in 1945 to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. No direct military confrontation occurred between the superpowers, and their competition significantly influenced global politics, economics, and culture. Space race, arms race, berlin wall.

Foreign Policy:

vietnam

In the 1960s, Vietnam was engulfed in a conflict known as the Vietnam War. It began as a civil war between North Vietnam, backed by communist allies, and South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. The United States escalated its involvement, sending troops and conducting airstrikes to prevent the spread of communism. The war caused widespread devastation, loss of life, and social upheaval both in Vietnam and in the United States, where it sparked protests and divided public opinion. Ultimately, the war ended in 1975 with the fall of Saigon and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.

Foreign Policy:

iran hostage crisis

The Iran Hostage Crisis happened in 1979 when Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran and held 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days. It strained relations between Iran and the United States, leading to economic sanctions and shaping US foreign policy towards Iran for years to come.

Foreign Policy:

iran-contra affair

The Iran-Contra Affair was a scandal in the 1980s involving the Reagan administration secretly selling weapons to Iran, despite an embargo, to fund Nicaraguan Contra rebels. This covert operation broke US laws, damaged trust in the government, and led to investigations and convictions of some officials involved.

Foreign Policy:

end of cold war

The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, leading to the emergence of independent states. The United States became the sole superpower, and there was a period of increased globalization and democratization in many parts of the world. However, new challenges arose, such as regional conflicts, terrorism, and economic disparities, shaping global politics in the post-Cold War era.

Foreign Policy:

McCarthyism/Red Scare (domestic containment)

McCarthyism refers to a period in the United States during the 1950s when Senator Joseph McCarthy led a campaign to accuse people of being communists or sympathizers without proper evidence. This led to widespread fear and suspicion of communist influence, known as the Red Scare, and resulted in investigations, blacklists, and the loss of jobs for many innocent people.

Liberalism-conservatism

Liberalism is a political ideology that generally supports individual freedoms, equality, and government intervention to address social and economic issues. Conservatives, on the other hand, tend to favor traditional values, limited government involvement, and free-market principles.

Liberalism-conservatism:

Liberal Consensus

The Bipartisan popularity of moderate. The liberal consensus refers to a period in U.S. history, mainly from the late 1940s to the mid-1960s, where there was broad agreement among political elites on key issues like economic growth, anti-communism, and the role of government in promoting welfare and regulating the economy. It was characterized by bipartisan support for policies that aimed to expand the middle class, maintain stability, and contain the spread of communism.

Liberalism-conservatism:

Great Society

LBJ version of the New Deal. Student loans come from this era. The Great Society was a set of domestic programs and initiatives launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s to combat poverty and inequality in the United States. It aimed to improve access to healthcare, education, and housing, and to create economic opportunities for all Americans. Key initiatives included Medicare, Medicaid, and the Civil Rights Act, among others, which had a significant impact on American society and welfare policies.

Social Movements

A social movement is a collective effort by a group of people who come together to bring about social, political, economic, or cultural change. These movements typically advocate for specific issues or causes, such as civil rights, environmental protection, or gender equality, and they often use various strategies like protests, advocacy, and grassroots organizing to achieve their goals.

Social Movements:

Civil Rights

Civil rights refer to the rights and freedoms that every person should have regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other characteristics. These rights include things like the right to vote, access to education, fair treatment in employment, and equal protection under the law. Civil rights movements have historically fought to ensure that these rights are upheld for all individuals, often challenging discriminatory laws and practices.

Social Movements:

Anti-war (Vietnam)

Anti-war sentiment during the Vietnam War was a widespread movement opposing the United States' involvement in the conflict. It included protests, marches, and activism aimed at ending the war due to concerns about its morality, human cost, and the belief that it was an unjust or unnecessary conflict. The movement played a significant role in shaping public opinion and ultimately contributed to the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam.

Social Movements:

Conservatism

Small govt/distrust of fed govt, “traditional values”, alignment with religious right (moral majority), intense anti-communism, containments & rollback, anti-new deal/anti great society, “law and order” (Nixon-backlash to social movements, private enterprise, southern strategy (Nixon)

Social Movements:

women’s liberation

Women's liberation is a movement that fights for women to have the same opportunities and rights as men in society. It aims to challenge unfair treatment and stereotypes based on gender, advocating for equality in areas like work, education, and personal freedoms.

Social Movements:

gay liberation

The gay liberation movement is a social and political movement that advocates for the rights and equality of LGBTQ+ individuals. It emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s, inspired by other liberation movements of the time, like the civil rights and women's liberation movements. The movement seeks to challenge discrimination, stigma, and legal barriers faced by LGBTQ+ people, aiming to achieve social acceptance, equal rights, and protections under the law.

Social Movements:

chicano

The Chicano movement was a civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s that aimed to empower Mexican Americans and address social, economic, and political inequalities. It fought against discrimination, poverty, and unequal treatment in areas like education, employment, and immigration. The movement sought to celebrate and preserve Chicano culture while advocating for greater representation and rights for Mexican Americans in American society.

Social Movements:

environmental

The environmental movement is a collective effort to address environmental issues and promote sustainability. It advocates for the protection of natural resources, conservation of ecosystems, and reduction of pollution and waste. The movement seeks to raise awareness, influence policies, and encourage individual and collective actions to preserve the environment for present and future generations.

Brown V Board

• Lived near a white school but wasn’t allowed to go because she was blacked and was forced to go to a black school that was across the train tracks 

  • Earl Warren chief justice 

  • Going after “separate but never equal” 

  • By separating people you are inherently suggesting inequality 

  • Segregation in schools is unconstitutional 

  • When they mandated segregation in schools they said this “All deliberate speed” 

  • Backlash against civil rights movement called “massive resistance” 

Little Rock High School, 1957

• Decides to integrate 

• Choose 9 students to integrate 

• 8 go into the building through a side door 

• Elizabeth went through the front door 

• The mayor sent the national guard to prevent the integration of schools 

  • Basically saying, “I don't care what SCOTUS says, we won’t integrate; make us.”

• Eisenhower is president 

  • Uses presidential power to remove the Arkansas National guard from the area 

  • Air Force team escort little rock nine to school every day 

  • Next year, they close down the school because they would rather do this than integrate 

Murder of Emmet Till, 1955

• From Chicago 

• Didn't understand segregation 

• Said something to a white woman, caroline Bryant 

• Was kidnapped and was beaten and murdered 

• Mother decided to have his coffin be see-through 

  • “Let them see what they did”

• Bryant was put on trial but within an hour was proven innocent 

  • Went to a magazine and basically owned up to doing everything

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

• Rosa Parks sat in the front of the bus and was arrested 

• Black people walked to work to boycott

  • Bus almost shutdown 

  • Bus integrated before other places 

SCLC

• protests , economic boycotts 

• More aggressive than NAACP 

• Second most important organization from the NAACP 

• “Redeem the soul of america”

SNCC

• Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• Was nonviolent 

• Putting bodies on the line, possibly will get hurt 

  • Thought MLK was too old, too timid 

  • Wasn't doing the hard work

  • Didn’t love him 

  • Thought SCLC was a bunch of old preachers 

  • Referred to him as the “Law” 

NAACP

• National association advancement of colored people 

• Legal approach or strategy 

  • Unleash the lawyers and go after segregation laws and statutes 

  • Sew people and put segregation on trial 

  • Thurgood Marshall started off in the NAACP 

  • Go after law that mandate segregation in schools 

Sit-ins

• Four SNCC students sat in the white section of the restaurant and refuse to leave to protest, non-violent 

• 400 places around the south where people are doing sit-ins 

• Jackson mississippi, people poured stuff on blacks that were protesting and the whites that were also supporting 

  • Put out cigarettes on their backs 

Birmingham Protests, 1963

• Police were notorious for their hatred of civil rights activist 

  • They would unleash the dogs or spray powerful hoses on them  

  • Blacks were taught not to act to make a statement in the photos 

• Government was doing seemingly nothing 

• Police will not protect you from violence and they will enforce the law, if the law is segregation then thats was they will enforce 

Freedom Rides, 1961

• Miami of ohio u, get on a bus that is not segregated, get to alabama you are “taking your life in your hands” still not segregation 

  • KKK slashes tires, throws smoke into bus people are forced to run out of bus and then they are beaten 

  • Black people can't get treated at the hospital 

• KKK had deal with police 

  • 15 min they could do whatever they wanted before the police interfered

Mississippi Freedom Summer 1964

• Dangerous things was organizing people to vote 

• Everything was rigged against you 

• Door to door getting sharecroppers to register to vote 

  • Kkk showed up and beat you

  • Three activists were killed for doing this 

Conservatism:

Regan Revolution

Small govt, intense anti-communism, deregulation, anti unionism, big increases in military spending

Conservatism:

Barry Goldwater (1964)

forerunning New Right/ modern conservatism, electoral map 1964, voting against civil rights legislation

Conservatism:

Economic conditions 1970s

End of postwar prosperity. affluence, oil crisis (US military backing to Israel- response through OPEC- oil embargo), stagflation (stagnation + inflation)

Conservatism:

Republican Coalition

southern democrats leave the party by 1968, pro-business, religious right

Civil Rights Movement: why is the civil rights movement effective in the postwar period?

Cold war propaganda (soviet union propaganda)

Double V (Black veterans—> victory at home, Jim Crow/Systematic racism—> victory abroad)

Decolonization/revolutions