Organization of the Body

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy

study of the body, exterior and interior features to the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

study of the constituents that make up the body

tissues (histology)

cells (cytology)

Developmental Anatomy

study of strucural changes throughout the lifespan with special focus on embryology (development before birth)

Systemic Approach

studies body by organ systems (nervous, skeletal, muscular)

Regional Approach

studies all structures (muscles, bones, BV, nerves) in a specific region

Torso

• vertebral / spinal

• thorax (heart, lungs)

• abdomen (digestive, urinary)

• pelvis and perineum (urinary, reproductive)

Limbs

• upper extremities

• lower extremities

Head and Neck

• skull

• brain and cranial nerves

• face

• oral and nasal cavities

• neck, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box)

Animals (Kindgom Animalia)

multicellular, eukaryotic (cells with organelles) that are heterotrophic (ingest food)

Chordates (Phylum Chordata)

5 characters present at some point in life cycle

1. Dorsal Nerve Tube

gives rise to NS

2. Pharyngeal Slits

grooves in the pharynx btwn pharyngeal arches

3. Notochord

flexible support rod

4. Postanal Tail

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Pharygeal Arches

tissue folds in the pharynx that give rise to multiple structures in head and neck

Segmentation

serial repetition of structures along the longitudinal axis of the body (pharyngeal arches, somites, ribs, vertebrae column)

Superior

towards the head

Inferior

away from the head

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Anterior (ventral)

towards the belly

Posterior (dorsal)

towards the back

Proximal

closer to origin of structure or torso

Distal

away from the origin of structure or torso

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves

Midsagittal

exactly middle

Parsagittal

lies on either side of the midsagittal

Frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Transverse Plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Oblique Plane

any diagnol plane

Axial Skeleton

• skull

• vertebrae column

• ribs

• sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

• pectoral (shoulder) girdle

• upper extremity (limbs)

• lower extremity (limbs)

• pelvic (hip) girdle

Cervical vertebrae

• 7

• c1 = atlas

• c2 =axis

Thoracic Vertebrae

• 12

• ribs attatch to

Lumbar Vertebrae

• 5

• support lower back

Sacral Vertebrae

• 5

• fuse into sacrum (attaches to hip bone)

Coccygeal Vertebrae

• 3-5

• fuse into coccyx

Cervical and Lumbar Curvature

• lordosis

• 2 curvature

Thoracic and Sacral Curvature

• kyphosis

• 1 curvature

Kyphosis

• hunchback

• anterior curvature

Primary (1) Curvature

forms during fetal development

Lordosis

• to bend backwards

• posterior curvature

Secondary (2) Curvature

forms after birth

Process

bony projection, often for attatchment of ligaments and tendons

Foramen

opening in a bone, usually for nerves or BV

Facet

smooth, flat articular surface

Notch

indentation in bone

Tubercle

small rounded projection (“bony bump”)