CHAPTER 15: MEDIEVAL CONFLICTS AND CRUSADES

Clergy

A group of people who give their lives to serve the Church as priests, monks, and higher church officials

Coronation

Crowning ceremony

Secular

Not related to the church

Excommunicate

Exclude a person from a church or a religious community

Papacy

The system of leadership in the Roman Catholic Church where the pope is the sole ruler

Monarcy

A system of government in which leadership is held by one person, usually a king or queen, and it may or may not require adherence to a particular religion

What examples show that Charlemagne ruled as a Christian leader?

-many of his advisers were drawn from the clergy

-sent out a nobleman and a churchman out in pairs to solve conflicts

-he ordered priests, monks, and nuns to live strictly by Church rules

-scholars at his court edited manuscripts to create a library of Christian texts

Why did Charlemagne want the title "emperor"?

-in Roman tradition the title emperor gave the person a special relationship with God

How did Charlemagne and the pope cooperate with each other?

-Charlemagne protected the pope when rivals in Rome had planned to blind him and remove him from office

Charlemagne traveled to Rome to support the pope

Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor on Christmas Day, 799 AD

What are some of the effects of Charlemagne's coronation on Western and Eastern Europe?

Western Europe:

-strengthened Church's power

-established principle that only a pope can crown an emperor

Eastern Europe:

-insult to Byzantine Emperor

-disagreement of who would crown the emperor-led to Great Schism

Why do you think the Byzantine Emperor would be angry that the pope felt that he had authority to crown an emperor?

-Eastern Orthodox Church did not acknowledge the pope and the pope was only seen as a Patriarch, the emperor was the head of the church

-To recognize that the pope was the head of the church was to challenge the authority of the Byzantine Emperor

What benefits would the Church gain by linking themselves to the Holy Roman Empire?

-the Church would gain authority in much of the central part of Europe because of its expanse and location

What was the conflict of power in the West that began with the coronation of Charlemagne?

Conflicting thoughts:

-Charlemagne- God made him emperor and the pope had to assist him to do God's work on earth

-Pope Leo III- Church made Charlemagne emperor, duty of the emperor was to assist the Church and the pope in doing God's work on earth

Division of the Frankish Empire:

-kingdom divided into three parts after Charlemagne's death

-division weakened the Empire's unity

-eventually caused the collapse of the Frankish Kingdom

How did Pope Gregory's rules challenge the authority of Henry IV?

-he issued a list of rules declaring his supreme authority over both Church and secular leaders and that he had the power to choose bishops and could remove emperors from the throne

What was Henry IV's reactions to Pope Gregory's rules?

-he ignored the pope's rules and named his own bishop for Milan

-Pope Gregory appointed a rival bishop

-Henry tried to remove Gregory as pope

-Pope Gregory had Henry IV excommunicated and freed Henry's subjects from their feudal oaths

What was the Concordat of Worms?

-1122, an agreement that gave the Church the sole authority to appoint bishops and emperors were allowed --to give fiefs to bishops to win their loyalty

distributed power among popes and rulers

How did popes try to establish authority over kings?

-the popes claimed the authority to crown emperors and kings

-popes fought with kings for the power to appoint bishops

-Concordat of Worms-pope gained that power, but kings could give bishops land to win their loyalty

Common Law

A body of law that has developed from custom and from judges' decisions rather than laws passed by a law-making assembly

Habeas Corpus

Refers to a court order to bring an arrested person before a judge or court

Writ

Court Order

Parliament

An assembly of representative who make laws

Conquest

An overtaking by force

How can being can being conquered affect political order and law?

-When conquered, there might be significant changes in political order and law depending on the differences between the culture of the conquered and the culture of the conquerors

-The thoughts on social classes and the way the government is set up can differ

Who had kingdoms in the 5th century?

-Angles and Saxons

Where did the Vikings/Norsemen/Normans settle?

-They settled in Normandy, France

When the Normans decided they wanted new lands to rule where did they set their sights?

-They set their sights on England

Who was the King of England (Anglo-Saxon king)?

-Edward the Confessor (weak king):

-Godwins held the actual power

Death of Edward the Confessor:

-In 1066 Edward died without children to succeed him

-Edward promised the throne to Harold Godwin

-William, Duke of Normandy claimed that Edward had already promised the crown to him

-The Norwegian king also claimed the English Throne

What did William of Normandy do when he was not crowned King of England?

-Invaded Southern England in the village of Hastings in 1066

What battle happened north of Hastings at York?

-the Battle of York between Harold's army and Norwegian invaders

William the Conqueror

-After defeating the Norwegians, Harold and his army headed 250 miles south to Hastings to fight William and his Norman army

What factors put Harold and his army at a disadvantage against William and his army?

-Harold's army had just fought a battle and walked 250 miles in the snow

-Harold's army was on foot, fighting with swords and spears, whereas William's army was on horseback and has archers

-They were tired and lost some people due to the other battle

-William's army just rode a boat and were refreshed and were ready for battle

What were the effects of the defeat of the Anglo-Saxons by William and his Norman army?

-Anglo-Saxon rule ended; William became King of England

-William introduced a strong feudal system

-Norman culture influenced England:

-French language blended with Anglo-Saxon language to make the beginning of English language (French and Latin)

-increased power of the English Monarch

How did King John upset the barons of England?

-King John overtaxed the people to raise an army

-the army was defeated and he lost lots of land to the French

-forced landowners to pay him money

-bought supplies cheap and sold them to the people at overpriced prices (capitalism)

What alternatives do you think the barons could have pursued in reaction to the things John did?

- take their armies and fight the king

-refuse to pay taxes

-overthrow the king

Magna Carta:

-important document King John was forced to sign

-Latin for "Great Charter"

Laws in the Magna Carta:

-not to raise taxes without consultation

-right to trial by jury in court cases

-basis for U.S documents such as the Bill of Rights

How did the laws of the Magna Carta change the political order of England?

-It made the king subject to the laws and not above them

-The barons now have greater political control

-added the English Parliament

What does the "law of the land" refer to in the Magna Carta?

-English law, not Roman law, like in most other European countries:

-English was combination of Anglo-Saxon common law, Norman French feudal law, and church law

What is common law?

-a body of law that has developed from custom and from judge's decisions rather than laws passed by a law-making assembly

What is habeas corpus?

-a court order to bring an arrested person before judge or court

What is British Parliament?

-an assembly of representatives who make laws

What are the two houses of Parliament?

-House of Lords: Nobles

-House of Commons: Knights and Town Leaders

How did the Norman Conquest set in motion a chain of events that changed English rule and law?

The king needed taxes and soldiers from the Norman barons to fight wars. The barons would not support the king unless he signed an agreement called the Magna Carta. This agreement protected the rights of the barons and gave them a say in the government.

Pilgrim

A religious person who travels to a holy place or shrine

Crusade

Christian religious war

Heresy

A belief that is rejected by official Church doctrine

Inquisition

A Church court designed to investigate and judge heretics

What opinion did pilgrims have about Jerusalem?

Jerusalem was seen as a holy land for Christian pilgrims

What led to the crusades?

-At first for 400 years Christians could travel peacefully to the holy land

-Fatimid Arabs started destroying churches and killing pilgrims in the 11th century:

-in 1701, Seljuk Turks took over Jerusalem and harassed pilgrims

-marched onto Constantinople, Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help

When was the first crusade and who called for it?

Pope Urban II called for a crusade in 1095 to free the Holy Land

Why did people feel it was okay to fight?

-thought God was asking them to liberate the land (fighting for God)

-were given forgiveness and land in heaven

Who was in the first crusade?

-Peasants; women and elderly men:

-Most didn't even make it to Jerusalem

-Armies of knights:

-Captured Jerusalem in 1099, established 4 crusader states

How did the pope use the tradition of feudal obligations to encourage people to join the crusades?

-He told them- because Jesus was their lord, they were all his vassals, and as vassals, they had to defend his shrines/ sacred areas as soldiers of Christ

Where does the word "crusade" come from?

-From Latin word of crux:

-means cross

-Crusaders sewed crosses on their clothing

Why might a medieval man or woman want to join a crusade?

-They would be promised forgiveness for sins

-Get to battle for God

-Travel to farther places and explore (sense of adventure)

Why did the second crusade fail?

-local people in Palestine did not support second crusade:

-Treated the Muslim population in Palestine with disrespect

When was the Third Crusade and who organized it?

-3rd Crusade in 1188

-Led by rulers of France, England (Richard the Lionheart whom died and King John came into power by succeeding him), and Germany

-Also known as "Crusade of the Kings"

Who was their opponent and how did they feel about him?

-Muslim opponent leader was Saladin:

-Well-respected character, even by enemies

What were the lasting effects of the failed Fourth Crusade in 1204?

Byzantines did not forgive Latin Christians for destroying/storming Constantinople

What were some of the positive effects of the Crusades on Europeans?

-Broadened geographic perspective of Europeans

-Trade with Asia developed and was encouraged

What were the negative effects of the Crusades in the Middle East?

-Terror, destruction, bloodshed, and religious persecution against all non-Christians

How did the Crusades affect non-Christians?

-Non-Christians seen as enemies

-Muslims brutally began attacking non-Christians

Which groups in Europe became special targets for religious persecutions after the Crusades?

-Muslims, Jews, and heretics

How might the Crusades have led to such persecution?

-Crusaders, sent to protect the Christian faith, were already violent with Jews and Muslims

-Others took it as an excuse for the persecutions

Why do you think the Church was so intolerant of even minor differences in belief?

-They risked losing the basis of its own power

Who created the Inquisition?

-Pope Gregory IX in the 1200's

What was the Inquisition?

-Church court designed to investigate and judge heretics

-Goal was to change heretic's belief:

-If they didn't change, heretics were punished

What were the causes and effects of the Crusades?

The Crusades began once the Turks began killing pilgrims trying to go to Jerusalem and began threatening Constantinople. The Holy Land was no longer open to the Christians pilgrims. The pope saw this as an opportunity to get power and bring peace by starting the Crusades fought by the "soldiers of Christ" or regular townsfolk and knights. Only the first crusade succeeded. The failures of the other crusades led to religious persecution of all non-Christians around Europe. However, despite the failures of the crusades, some positive effects of the Crusades were a broadening the world view to beyond Europe, an increase in trade with the East and Asia, and could have also been the inspiration of exploration in the 1400's.

Reconquista

The movement to drive the Muslims from Spain ("Reconquest")

Who ruled Spain in 756?

Abd al-Rahman established a new dynasty at Cordoba that lasted for nearly 300 years

Where is Cordoba?

-southern Spain, since northern Europe had many Christian kingdoms

What made Cordoba a thriving European city in the 10th century?

-Cordoba had bookstores, baths, gardens, and leather goods

-Learning centers that were very advanced

-Religious tolerance

What were the benefits of religious tolerance to the society of Moorish Spain?

-Jews and Christians held high official positions

-science and medicine thrived

How did things change over time?

-Muslim rulers were more strict over time:

-Christians were not allowed to carry Bibles in public

-Jews were persecuted

Why might the 10th century in Spain be known as a Golden Age?

-People of all religions studied music, science, medicine, and philosophy together

-home to two famous philosophers,Ibn Rushd, and Moses Maimonides

What forces caused the decline of Muslim rule and helped to bring about the Reconquista?

-Pope called for a crusade to take back Spain for the Christians

-civil wars in 1002 among the Muslim kingdoms

-Cordoba caliphate

What were the steps of the Reconquista?

-Capture of Toledo

-Portugal Split off and became a separate kingdom

-Cordoba fell in 1236

-King Ferdinand married Queen Isabella, uniting Spain's largest Christian kingdoms

-Granada fell in 1492

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

-Established by Ferdinand and Isabella

-Made to unite Spain as a Catholic country

-Led by Torquemada, a Dominican monk

-Used violence and threats trying to get Jews and Muslims to convert

How did the Rise and Fall of Muslim Rule Alter Life in Spain?

When Muslim rule dominated Spain, it quickly became an advanced medieval society in Europe. The capital, Cordoba, thrived especially. Part of the reason why this period was so peaceful was because they were tolerant of other religions, with Jews and Christians both holding high positions. However, later Muslim rulers were not as kind, and began limiting Jew and Christian rights. The decline of Moorish rule began in 1002 with a civil war, with many weak Christian kingdoms scattered all over. So the pope began encouraging the Crusades to win Spain back. By inspiring these Crusades the Reconquista movement began. From that, Isabella and Ferdinand began the Spanish Inquisition. This institution used terror and torture to force non-Christians to convert. Soon, Jews were forced to leave Spain, as well as Portugal, later followed by Muslims. This loss of Jews and Muslims harmed the Spanish economy and culture greatly.