Agricultural Science Notes Grade 9-2

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19 Terms

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Feed or Feedstuff

Any material fed to livestock, whether natural or artificial.

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Categories of Feed

Feed may be classified as Basal feeds, Supplements, Concentrates, Forages, and Additives.

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Basal Feeds

Energy feeds that are a source of carbohydrates and/or fats, making up 60% - 90% of livestock ration.

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Supplements

Feeds given to animals to supply deficient nutrients, usually rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals.

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Concentrates

Feeds that supply primary nutrients, either energy rich or protein rich.

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Forages

Crops grown specifically for feeding livestock, including pasture grasses and legumes.

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Roughages

Feeds high in fiber and low in moisture, aiding digestion; grass is a good example.

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Additives

Synthetic materials added to feeds to enhance productivity and feed conversion efficiency.

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Balanced Ration

A ration that contains all necessary nutrients in the right proportion for the animal.

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Maintenance Ration

A balanced ration that supplies energy and protein for physiological processes without weight change.

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Production Ration

A balanced ration that meets both maintenance and production needs of livestock.

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Characteristics of a Ration

Include bulk, palatability, familiarity, binding effect, laxative effect, and flavour transfer.

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Important Pasture Grasses

Grasses cultivated for feeding livestock, such as Bermuda grass and Guinea grass.

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Bermuda Grass

A common pasture grass scientifically known as Cynodon dactylon.

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Guinea Grass

A pasture grass known scientifically as Panicum maximum.

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Water Grass

Known as Paspulum rupers, it is cultivated for livestock feed.

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Elephant Grass

A type of pasture grass known scientifically as Pennisetum purpureum.

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Binding Effect

The effect of high crude fiber feeds that can facilitate digestion.

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Laxative Effect

The opposite of binding; excessive laxatives can cause diarrhea in animals.