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Feed or Feedstuff
Any material fed to livestock, whether natural or artificial.
Categories of Feed
Feed may be classified as Basal feeds, Supplements, Concentrates, Forages, and Additives.
Basal Feeds
Energy feeds that are a source of carbohydrates and/or fats, making up 60% - 90% of livestock ration.
Supplements
Feeds given to animals to supply deficient nutrients, usually rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals.
Concentrates
Feeds that supply primary nutrients, either energy rich or protein rich.
Forages
Crops grown specifically for feeding livestock, including pasture grasses and legumes.
Roughages
Feeds high in fiber and low in moisture, aiding digestion; grass is a good example.
Additives
Synthetic materials added to feeds to enhance productivity and feed conversion efficiency.
Balanced Ration
A ration that contains all necessary nutrients in the right proportion for the animal.
Maintenance Ration
A balanced ration that supplies energy and protein for physiological processes without weight change.
Production Ration
A balanced ration that meets both maintenance and production needs of livestock.
Characteristics of a Ration
Include bulk, palatability, familiarity, binding effect, laxative effect, and flavour transfer.
Important Pasture Grasses
Grasses cultivated for feeding livestock, such as Bermuda grass and Guinea grass.
Bermuda Grass
A common pasture grass scientifically known as Cynodon dactylon.
Guinea Grass
A pasture grass known scientifically as Panicum maximum.
Water Grass
Known as Paspulum rupers, it is cultivated for livestock feed.
Elephant Grass
A type of pasture grass known scientifically as Pennisetum purpureum.
Binding Effect
The effect of high crude fiber feeds that can facilitate digestion.
Laxative Effect
The opposite of binding; excessive laxatives can cause diarrhea in animals.