Obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

Obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

are defined by repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are so extreme that they interfere with everyday life

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

is based on the presence of obsessions or compulsions, or most people experience both

-is defined by repetitive thought and urges(obsessions) and an irresistible need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts

Obsessions

are intrusive and persistently recurring thought, images, or impulses that are uncontrollable and that often appear irrational to the person experiencing them

-typically a person with OCD spends hours of everyday immersed in these thoughts, images, and urges

Comtamination

obsessions often involve fears from germs and disease

-people will have the change their clothes, wash their hands, and clean parts of the house their clothes might have touched if they had previously been exposed around another person

-they found toilets and trashcans to be the direst and anything that touch it was contaminated

Compulsions

are repetitive, clearly excessive behavior or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsessive thoughts

-they feel that something dire will happen if the act is not performed and must repeat the act if not done correctly with the right precision

DSM-5 OCD

-obsessions and compulsions

-obsessions defined as

1. recurrent, intrusive, persistent, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images

2. the attempt to ignore, suppress, or naturalize such thoughts, urges, or images

-compulsions defined as

1. repetitive behavior or mental actions that a person feels compelled to perform to prevent distress or a dreaded event

2. the drive to perform repetitive behaviors or thoughts in response to obsessions or according to rigid rules

3. acts that are excessive or unlikely to prevent the dreaded situation

-the thoughts are time consuming (at least an hour a day) or causes clinically significant distress or impairment

OCD factors:

-begins before age of 14

-experience high levels of distress and self-doubt

-related to premature motility from medical conditions or suicides

-some cultures, people consider uncleanliness sinful, washing compulsions are more common

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

people are preoccupied with one or more imagined or exaggerated defects in their appearance, even when others would not share this perception

-think about their appearance 3 to 8 hours a day

-appears attractive to others, but find themselves ugly

-compelled to engage in certain behaviors to reduce stress such as checking their appearance in the mirror, asking for reassurance, comparing their appearance to others and using strategies to change

Do people with BDD avoid places?

yes, they will avoid mirrors, reflective surfaces, and bright lights and 40 % report being unable to work

Stats of BDD:

1. a third of patients with BDD have little insight into their overly harsh views, convinced others will see their flaws

2. a fifth of them get plastic surgery

3. a third report suicide ideation and 20% have attempted

4. begins in adolesence

Do social and cultural factors play a role of BDD?

yes social and cultural factors play a role in how people decide if they're attractive

-Social media and different cultures have similar symptoms just different body parts (Japan- eyelids)

DSM-5 of BDD:

-preoccupations with one or more perceived defect in appearance

-others find the perceived defects slight or unobservable

-performance of repetitive behaviors or mental acts (ex: checking mirrors, seeking reassurance, or excessive grooming) in response to the appearance concerns

-preoccupation is not restricted to concerns about weight or body fat

Hoarding Disorder

the need to acquire is clearly excessive and it is only part of the problem, they abhor parting with their objects even when others cannot see any potential value in them

-they get attached to their possessions and they are resistant to getting rid of them

-many people are unaware of the severity of their behaviors, but those around them, it is clear

Does Hoarding Disorder affect physical health?

yes, it can result in poor hygiene, exposure to dirt, and difficulties with cooking

Stats of Hoarding Disorder:

1. three-quarters of people engage in excessive buying and are unable to work

2. 10% are threatened with evictions -> leads to homelessness

3. a third of people (much more often in women) engage in animal hoarding

4. usually begins in childhood or early adolescence (animal hoarding starts middle age or older)

DSM-5 Hoarding Disorder

-persistent difficulty or parting with possessions regardless of their actual value

- perceived need to save items

-distress associated with discarding items

-the accumulation of possession clutters active living spaces to the extent that their intended use is compromised unless others intervene

Prevalence of all

- symptoms lead to genuine distress or impairment

-2% for OCD and BDD -> more common in women

-1.5% for hoarding -> equal for both

-chronic

Comorbidity

all oc-occur with each other

-a third of people with BDD and.a quarter of people with hoarding disorder meet the diagnosis for OCD

-they all tend to oc-occur with depression and anxiety

-somewhat elevated substance abuse