Digestive System

Zygomatic gland

Major salivary gland found in dogs and cats.

Parotid duct in cattle

Opens across the last upper cheek tooth.

Parotid duct in horse

Opens across the third upper cheek tooth.

Saliva production in cattle

Cattle produce approximately 110-180 L of saliva per day.

Monostomatic sublingual gland

This gland is absent in horses.

Cattle parotid duct opening

The duct opens opposite the second upper molar tooth.

Sublingual duct in ruminants

The major sublingual duct opens on the sublingual caruncle.

Accessory organ in the ox abdomen

The liver is located on the right side.

Liver lobes in horse and ox

These animals have undivided right and left lobes.

Gall bladder in horses

Horses do not have a gall bladder.

Liver of the pig

The pig's liver consists of 6 lobes and one process.

Ox liver caudate lobe

Contains only the caudate process.

Bile duct entry in ox

The bile duct enters the duodenum at the second bend of the sigmoid flexure.

Horses hepatic duct entry

Enters the duodenum in the diverticulum duodeni.

Pancreas shape in goat and sheep

Described as irregularly triangular.

Number of pancreatic ducts in dog

Dogs have two pancreatic ducts.

Pancreatic ducts in cattle

Cattle have only a dorsal duct.

Dog pancreatic ducts and bile duct

The major pancreatic duct opens near the common bile duct.

Pig pancreas shape

The pancreas of pigs is tri-radiate or triangular.

Accessory pancreatic duct in horse

Enters the duodenum on the opposite side to the chief pancreatic duct.

Dental pad function

In ox and sheep, there are no incisors in the upper jaw.

Wolf tooth in horse

The first premolar, often absent or rudimentary.

Tusks in wild pigs

Modifications of canine teeth.

Homodont dentition

Characterized by all teeth being similar, as seen in crocodiles.

Brachydont teeth

Short-crowned teeth with enamel restricted to the crown.

Horse permanent dental formula

2(3/3 (0/0) 1/1 3 or 4 3/3) = 40-44.

Temporary dental formula for ox

2(0/4 0/0 3/3 0/0) = 20.

Cat permanent dental formula

2(3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1) = 30.

Fowl dietary adaptation

Fowl (birds) have no teeth.

Tongue features in horse

Shaped like a spatula with two distinct vallate papillae.

Prominent tongue structure in ox

Torus linguae is a bulge on the tongue.

Rough tongue surface in ox

Filiform and conical papillae give the ox tongue a rough texture.

Lyssa in dog tongue

A cord of fibrous tissue at the tip of the dog tongue.

Soft palate absence

Chickens lack a soft palate.

Hard palate in ruminants

Cranial portion forms the dental pad.

Rugae in cattle

In cattle, rugae are serrated and extend two-thirds of the hard palate.

Long soft palate in horse

Precludes oral breathing and vomiting.

Esophagus in horse

Described as voluntary until reaching the base of the heart.

Esophagus in ox/sheep

Easily dilatable and voluntary throughout.

Ishtmus esophagi

Thick layer of mucous glands at the esophagus origin in dogs.

Horse stomach size

Relatively small with an enlarged fundus, the saccus caecus.

Margoplicatus in horse stomach

Irregular ridge separating glandular from non-glandular areas.

Pig stomach pouch

Dorso-medial blind pouch called diverticulum ventriculi.

Glandular stomach in dogs

Dogs have a simple glandular stomach.

Ruminant stomach parts

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum.

Largest ruminant stomach compartment

Rumen is the largest compartment.

Smallest ruminant stomach compartment

The reticulum is the smallest and most cranial.

True stomach in ruminants

The abomasum has glandular mucosa.

Liquid shortcut in ruminants

Rumenoreticular groove bypasses the omasum.

Rumen capacity in cattle

The rumen constitutes approximately 80% of total stomach capacity.

Reticulum structure in ruminants

Popularly termed honeycomb due to its appearance.

Omasum term in ruminants

Known as manyplies or butcher’s bible due to appearance.

Largest stomach compartment at birth

Abomasum is the largest in young ruminants.

Ox small intestine length

Approximately 130 ft long.

Horse ileum proportion

Constitutes 90% of the horse's small intestine length.

Duodenum pouch in horse

Ventral pancreatic and hepatic ducts open into the diverticulum duodeni.

Intestine location in ruminants

Located largely in the right abdominal region.

Sheep small intestine length

Approximately 80 ft long.

Bile duct and pancreas in sheep

The bile duct is joined by the ventral pancreatic duct.

Pig pancreatic duct opening

Single pancreatic duct opens 5 inches beyond the bile duct.

Dog pancreatic ducts distance

Opens about 2 inches beyond the pylorus.

Jejunal loops in carnivores

Lie ventrally and laterally in the abdomen.

Cecum location in pigs

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity.

Large pig cecum

Described as extremely large with a capacity of 30 L.

Cecum longitudinal bands in pigs

The cecum has three longitudinal muscle bands.

Cecum in ruminants

Non-sacculated, meaning it lacks taeniae and haustra.

Large intestine parts in horse

Horse has distinct large and small colon.

Horse right ventral colon bands

Contains four longitudinal bands.

Widest part of horse colon

Right dorsal colon also known as ampulla coli.

Pig colon description

Described as having three coils in a double spiral arrangement.

Ruminant ascending colon shape

Coiled into a flat, disc-shaped mass.

Cecum capacity in horse

Approximately 33.5 L in capacity.

Total digestive capacity in cattle

356.4 L is the total capacity of the digestive tract.

Horse rectum shape

Terminates in a flask-shaped dilatation called the ampulla recti.

Carnivores anal canal zones

Divided into three consecutive zones.

Bird cloaca segment

Coprodeum temporarily holds feces.

Birds urethral segment

Urodeum receives the openings of ureters.

Bird cloaca location of bursa

Proctodeum contains the bursa of Fabricius.

Birds glandular stomach

Called the proventriculus.

Birds mechanical stomach

Referred to as the gizzard or ventriculus.

Needle teeth in pigs

The deciduous third incisor teeth and canines.

Selenodont teeth characteristic

Describes ridges that are sharp in ox cheek teeth.

Conical papillae location in dogs

Long, backward-pointing on the root of the tongue.

Ox esophagus length

3 to 3.5 feet long.

Horse stomach capacity

Generally between 8 to 15 liters.

Percentage of abomasum in adult cattle

Constitutes about 7-8% of total stomach capacity.

Cardiac gland region in abomasum

Third glandular region surrounding the omaso-abomasal orifice.

Ox duodenum feature

Commences with a sigmoid flexure.

Peyer's patches in ox vs. horses

Larger and more distinct in ox than in horses.

Jejunum contact in pig

Makes contact with the left abdominal wall when the stomach is empty.

Jejunum mesentery in horses

Extremely long, allowing for great mobility.

Dog cecum feature

Described as small with a spiral twist.

Cecum orientation in ruminants

Oriented caudally.

Left ventral colon bands in horse

Contains three longitudinal bands.

Left dorsal colon bands in horse

Contains three longitudinal bands.

Descending colon anatomy in horse

Sacculated with two longitudinal bands.

Centripetal turns width in pig

Described as being 3½ inches wide.

Horse rectum length

Approximately about 12 inches long.

Carnivores anal canal mucosa zones

Includes columnar, intermediate, and cutaneous zones.

Ruminant ascending colon components

Includes the proximal loop, spiral loop, and distal loop.