Studied by 8 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
2. Storage
The retention of encoded material over time.
Context Dependent Memory
When you experience something traumatic and go back to the scene of the crime, you go back to the scene to experience/remember it again.
State Dependent Memory
A phenomenon where people are more likely to retrieve memories that were created in similar states of consciousness.
i.e. If you learn something while drunk, you will have a higher chance of remembering it if you are also drunk.
Semantic Encoding
Understanding the meaning of the words in constant (remember 90%).
Acoustic Encoding
Songs, rhymes (remember 60%).
Visual Encoding
Writing in word in capital letters, picture and images (remember 15%).
Imagery
Mental pictures, combined with semantic encoding.
Mnemonics
Stategies to help memorize better like having images.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Hierachies
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.
Peg Words
Number word association
i.e. 1=Gun, 2=Shoe, 3=Tree
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
1. Encoding
The process of information into the memory system (STM to LTM).
3. Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Sensory Memory
.5 seconds - 2 seconds for visuals
- Stored for a few seconds at most.
- Information lost if not encoded.
Short Term Memory
7 +/- 2
Holds material for about 15-30 seconds but expands with practice.
Information lost if not encoded.
Mood Congruent Memory
The tendency to more easily remember events that have a congruence with one's current mood.
i.e. Being sad when make you remember all the sad events, vice versa w/ happiness
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to remember the first and last item on the list (recent info).
Primacy Effect
The tendency to remember the beginning of the list.
Recency Effect
The tendency to remember the last items of the list.
Method of Loci
If we visualize it in a story/setting makes it easier to memorize
First Letter Technique
Like PEMDAS
Recall
Retrieve the information from your memory
i.e. Fill in blank, FrQ
Recognition
Identify the target from possible targets
i.e. McQ
Emotional intensity
Strong + and - feelings
i.e. 9/11
Vividness
Intense and clear.
i.e. A very clear and detailed memory of an event such as 9/11.
Repitition
Recur 1x per week to 1x per month.
Connections to similar memories
Same neurons, making them formally linked.
Lasting goals and unresolved conflicts
What matters most in life.
Encoding Failure (Absent-Mindedness)
Never enters long term memory.
i.e. Failing to pay proper attention to something
Storage Decay (Transcience...info fades)
Memory of new info fades quickly, then levels out.
Blocking
Temporary inaccessibility (Tip-of-the-Tongue)
Misattribution
Confusing source of info
i.e. Remember dream as actual happening
Proactive Interference
When something you learned before gets in the way of new info.
Retroactive Interference
When new info gets in the way of something you once knew.
Repression (Sigmund Freud)
Self censor painful info to protect our self concept and to minimize anxiety
i.e. Someone who does not recall abuse in their early childhood, but still has problems with connection, aggression and anxiety resulting from the unremembered trauma.
Elizabeth Loftus' Memory
The idea that facts, ideas, and suggestions and other info can modify our memories.
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
i.e. Time, space, frequency, well-learned information.
Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
i.e. Meaning, imagery, organization.
Iconic Memory
A photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second; type of Sensory Memory
i.e. when you see a car passing by on the highway, and for a brief moment you can picture the car after it is gone.
Echoic Memory
Momentary Sensory Memory of sounds and words that can be recalled with 3-4 seconds.
Anterograde Amnesia
The memory loss where you can't form new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia
The memory loss where you can't remember your past.
Explicit Memory
(Declarative) Memories of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."
- Processed in hippocampus
i.e. Personally experienced events, facts such as general knowledge
Implicit Memory
(Nondeclarative) Retention independent without conscious recalls.
- Processed in cerebellum
i.e. Classical conditioning, skills that are motor and cognitive.
Left Hippocampus Damage
Trouble to remember verbal information, but no trouble to recall visual designs and locations.
Right Hippocampus Damage
Trouble to recall visual designs and locations, but no trouble to remember verbal information.
Hippocampus
Temporary process site for explicit memories.
Cerebellum
Role of forming and storing the implicit memories.
Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Shows how learning info slips out of our memory overtime--unless taking action to keep it there.
Source Amnesia
The inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge
Infantile Amnesia
Inability to recall first 3 years of life
--> Makes childhood memories unlikely.
Concepts
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, and people.
Cognition
Mental activities including thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Prototypes
A mental image or best example of a category.
Algorithms
A methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
i.e. the way we do division
Heuristics
A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.
i.e. different brands of food items
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence.
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective.
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct.
Mental Set
The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has a worked in the past.
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function.
i.e. Going around to find a screwdriver when a coin can be used as a screw
Representativeness Heuristic
A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype.
i.e. Person wearing tie and suitcase and people think they're lawyers
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory.
i.e. When you need to buy laundry detergent and Tide comes first in mind
Framing
A type of cognitive bias or error in thinking.
i.e. Refers to whether an option is presented as a loss (negative) or a gain (positive).
Belief Perseverance
Believing in one's opinion and judgement even after knowing there is evidence contradicting it.
i.e. A whole "flat earth" movement existing.
Belief Bias
The tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausbility of their conclusion rather than how strong they support that conclusion.
Intuition
A feeling that guides a person to act a certain way without fully understanding why.
i.e. Gut feelings
Aphasia
A disorder that can impair all aspects of communication. Affects a person's ability to express and understand written and spoken language.
Fluent Aphasia (Receptive)
Poor comprehension, words may lack meaning
i.e. A patient can speak in sentences that sound like normal speech, but some of the words are made-up words or have some sounds that are not correct
Non-Fluent Aphasia (Expressive)
Good comprehension, difficulty finding words
i.e. Limited vocabulary, clumsy formation of sounds, difficulty writing but understand speech
Broca's area
Believed to be responsible in part of naming objects and the ability to speak.
- Located in the frontal lobe
Wernicke's area
Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression
- Usually in the left temporal lobe.
Angular Gyrus
Associated with complex language functions; semantic encoding
- Damages causes agnosia, agraphasia, dyscalculia
Damage to Wernicke's Area
Weakens the brain's ability to comprehend language and speak nonsense.
Damage to Broca's Area
Can't speak.
Primary Progressive Aphasia
A form of dementia; a condition that slowly damages the parts of the brain that control speech and language.
i.e. People with PPA usually have difficulty speaking, naming objects or understanding conversations.
Brain Plasticity
The brain's ability to change through growth and reorganization.
Language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Phonemes
In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
i.e. Chug = ch, u, g --> 3
Morphemes
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning.
i.e. Unthinkable = un/think/able (prefix = un, root word = think, suffix = able)
Grammar
A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others.
i.e. I enjoy my psychology class vs. I my class psychology enjoy.
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language.
i.e. "How are you?" , "I'm fine"
Syntax
The rules of combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
i.e. I am happy vs. Happy am I
Receptive Language
Children's language development moves from simplicity to complexity.
i.e. By 4 months, babies discriminate speech sounds, marking the period of receptive language.
Productive Language
Babies' ability to produce words
- Babbling, one-word, two-word stage
Babbling Stage
Starting at 3-4 months, the infant makes spontaneous sounds. Not limited to the phonemes of the infant's household language.
One-Word Stage
1-2 years old, uses one word to communicate big meanings
Two-Word Stage
At age 2, uses two words to communicate meanings- called telegraphic speech
Telegraph Speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
Skinner: Operant Learning
Believed we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as association, imitation and reinforcement.
Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar
We acquire language too quickly for it to be learned.
We have this "learning box" inside our heads that enable us to learn any human language.
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
Association (Operant Conditioning)
Connecting the sight of things with sounds of words.
Imitation (Operant Conditioning)
Copy what is modeled by others.
i.e. A 3-year-old watches as her mother pretends to take a bite out of a piece of play pizza
Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)
Smiles, hugs, repeating, reinforces the child when she/he says something right
Critical Period
A period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.
Whorf's Linguistic Relativity
The idea that language determines the way we think.
i.e. The Hopi tribe has no past tense in their language, so Whorf says they rarely think of the past
Note 
Flashcard (199)