praxis 5007

Print Awareness

They understand that words communicate a message

Environmental Print

The print seen in everyday life

Print concepts

Involves understanding the difference between letters, words, punctuation, and directionality

Directionality

Reading from left to right and top to bottom

Layout

Front and backs of books

Differentiation

Words and pictures vs letters and words

Phonology

The organization of sounds in language

Vocabulary

Encompasses both expressive and receptive vocabulary

Morphology

The smallest units of meaning in words

Grammar

The structure of language and words

Pragmatics

The social cues and norms of language

Discourse

Focuses on speaking and listening skills in language

Alphabetic Principle

The idea that letters and letter patterns represents the sounds of spoken language

Pre-alphabetic stage

Students read by memorizing visual features or guessing words from context

Partial-Alphabetic Phase

Students recognize some letters and can use them to remember words by sight

Full-alphabetic stage

Readers know the graphophonemic system and they use this to analyze connections between graphemes and phonemes in words

Consolidated-alphabetic phase

Students consolidate their knowledge of grapheme-phoneme blends into larger units that reoccur in different words

Phonological awareness

An overarching skill that includes identify and manipulating units of oral language including parts of words, syllables, onsets, and rimes

Children that have phonological awareness can…

• identify and make oral rhymes

• Clap the number of syllables in a word

• Recognize words with the same initial sounds

• Recognize the sound of spoken language

• blend sounds together

• Divide and manipulate words

Phonemic awareness

Understanding the individual sounds in words

Phonics

Understanding the relationship between sounds and the spelling patterns

Blending

Putting all the sounds in a word together

Onsets

Beginning consonant of a consonant cluster

Rimes

Vowel and consonants that follow the onset consonant cluster

Rhyming

The repetition of sounds in other words

Segmenting

Breaking a word apart

Isolation

To separate a word part or to isolate a single sound in a word

Deletion

Omitting a sound in a word

Substitution

When a student replaces one sound with another in a word

Rhyme

Students can match ending sounds to words

Alliteration

can identify and pronounce words with the same initial sound

Sentence segmentation

When students can segment sentences into words

Syllable segmentation

Students can blend and segment syllables of spoken words

Onset and Rime Blending and Segmenting

When students can blend or segment the onset and the rime

Phoneme Manitpulation

When students can manipulate sounds in words

Phoneme- Grapheme Correspondence

Letter-sound correspondence

Explicit Phonics Instruction

a method for teaching students how to connect the graphemes with the phonemes and how to use the relationship to spell

Systematic Phonics Instruction

Using a logical and specific scope and sequence that is developmentally appropriate to teach students the major letters and sounds

Recursive Phonics Instruction

Lessons built on those previously taught, and students have to draw and recall from previous lessons

Decoding

sounding out words while reading

Encoding

hearing a word and spelling it based on sound and phonics

Fluency

moving through text accurately without having to stop to decode

Comprehension

Reading fluently and understanding the text by forming pictures in the brain, and predicting and asking questions

Single letters

A single consonant letter can be represented by a phoneme

Doublets

uses two of the same letters to spell a consonant phoneme

Digraph

two letter combinations that make one phoneme

Trigraphs

three letter combinations that create one phoneme

Dipthong

Sounds formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable… The sound begins at one vowel and ends at the other

Consonant Blend

2 or 3 graphemes and the consonant sounds are separate and identifiable

Silent Letter Combinations

Use 2 letters, one represents the phoneme and the other is silent

Combination qu

These 2 letters always go together and make a /kw/ sound

Single Letters

a single vowel letter that stands for a vowel sound

Vowel teams

combinations of two, three, or four letters that stand for a vowel sound

Schwa Sound

a vowel sound in an unstressed syllable where a vowel doesn’t make its long or short sound

zh sound

sound often occurs after the letter g and cannot be represented by any one letter ( s, si, g, ge)

CVC

consonant vowel consonant

CVCe

Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, silent e

CCVC

Consonant, Consonant, Vowel, Consonant

CVCC

Consonant, vowel, consonant, consonant

closed

a syllable with a single vowel followed by one or more consonants

open

a syllable that ends with a single vowel

Vowel-consonant-silent e

a syllable with a single vowel followed by a consonant, then the vowel e

Vowel Teams

A syllable has 2 consecutive vowels

Long vowel teams

2 vowels that make one long vowel sound

Variant vowel Teams

2 vowels that make neither long or a short vowel sound

R- Controlled

a syllable with one or two vowels followed by one letter r

Consonant le Final Syllable

A syllable that has a consonant followed by the letters le, al, or el

Clapping

Clap and say the syllable

Lists

Create a list of prefixes, suffixes, roots, etc.

Multisyllabic Word Manipulation

write different syllable on the note cards and then have students put them in the right order

Syllable Scoop

scoop under each syllable

Moprhemes

the smallest units of meaning in words

Compound Words

two words put together

Root Words

a basic part of the word

Affixes

additional elements placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, word, or in the body of a word to modify its meaning

Prefixes

additions to the beginning of root words that help form a new word with a meaning other than that of the root word

Suffixes

These are additions to the end of root words that form a new word with a new meaning of that of the root

Etymology

the study of the origins of words and how they have changed over time

Structural Analysis

breaking down the morphemic structure of words

Free morphemes

can stand alone because they mean something in and of themselves (close-ly )

Bound Morphemes

only have meaning when they are connected to another morpheme (close-LY)

High Frequency Words

Words that show up in text frequently

Decodable Texts

carefully sequenced to progressively incorporate words that are consistent with letter-sound relationships that have be taught to a new reader

Authentic Shared Reading Tasks

teachers guide students as they read text

Oral reading

read aloud in class to a partner or small group

Whisper reading

allows students to make and fix mistakes while working on decoding

Word Walls

organized collection of words which are displayed in large visible letters

Interactive Writing

When students and teachers share the process of writing

Cueing Systems

Students use different methods to figure out words. Students use their schema to understand words

Semantic Cues

The meaning in language that assists in comprehending texts, including words, speech, signs, symbols, and other meaning-bearing forms

Syntactic cues

Involve the structure of the words as rules and patterns of language.

Graphophonic Cues

Involve the letter-sound or sound-symbol relationships of language

ex. The letter a makes a long /a/ sound because an e follows it

Fluency

the ability to read at an appropriate rate with accuracy and proper expression

Comprehension

When students begin to form images in their minds as they read… they are understanding what they are reading

Fluency Checks Involve

• Prosody

• automaticity

• accuracy

• rate

Prosody

timing, phrasing, emphasis, and intonation that readers use to help convey aspects of meaning and to make their speech lively

Automaticity

effortless word recognition that comes with repeated reading practice (greater than 95 % accuracy = automaticity)

Accuracy

the number of words students read correctly (running record)

Rate

The speed at which students read words correctly

Fluency is the Bridge between…

decoding and comprehension