Topics 7.1-7.5 APHUG

These flashcards summarize key concepts and terms related to the Industrial Revolution and its impact on economic development.

Industrial Revolution

A series of technological advances starting in the 18th century that transformed industry through the use of machines powered by water or steam.

Cottage Industry

Small home-based businesses that produced goods before the Industrial Revolution, relying heavily on human labor.

Factory Manufacturing

Large-scale production process that utilizes machinery and capital investment, shifting production from homes to factories.

Capital Investment

The money used to invest in machinery, factories, and production processes during the Industrial Revolution.

Deindustrialization

The process of reducing reliance on manufacturing jobs, often occurring in developed countries.

Rust Belt

Regions in the United States characterized by a decline in manufacturing jobs and closed factories.

Urbanization

The increase in population living in cities, promoted by factory work and the demand for labor during the Industrial Revolution.

Market

A place where products are bought and sold, evolving from local cottage industry sales to global supply chains post-Industrial Revolution.

Urban Working Class

The group of people employed in factories under often harsh conditions, contrasted with the expanding middle class.

Energy Resources

Sources of power necessary for industrial production, such as coal and rivers, influencing factory location.

Locational Triangle

A model used to illustrate where to position factories based on market and resource locations.

Bulk-Reducing Industries

Industries that minimize transportation costs by situating production near raw material sources; these materials lose weight in processing.

Bulk-Gaining Industries

Industries that locate production near the market because the final product is heavier or bulkier than raw materials.

World Systems Theory

A model developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that categorizes countries into core, semiperiphery, and periphery based on their economic activities and relationships.

Gini Coefficient

A statistical measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index measuring average achievement in key dimensions of human development: health, education, and standard of living.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of gender disparity that assesses reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.