Unit 7.1 HGAP KBAR

Industrial Revolution (IR)

A period of radical industrial change beginning in Great Britain around the 1740s and 1750s.

Conditions for IR

The three main conditions needed for the IR were a favorable climate, agricultural surplus, and trade power.

Climate

Britain's cool and damp climate, ideal for sheep farming and textile production.

Agricultural Surplus

A surplus of agricultural products allowed fewer people to farm, freeing them to work in factories.

Trade Power

Britain's dominance in global trade due to its strong navy and wealth from trade.

Textile Industry

The first industry to transform due to the IR, originating in the Lancashire district of NW England.

Raw Materials

Essential materials for industry, including coal, iron ore, and lumber.

Economic Growth

Result of industrialization, reflecting the shift to secondary and tertiary economic sectors.

Wage Labor

A new economic characteristic of capitalism emerging from industrialization.

Transportation Networks

Developments such as railroads and canals that enhanced trade and economic integration.

Time-Space Compression

The phenomenon where technology alters perceptions of time and distance.

Mass Production

The production of goods in large quantities, primarily using assembly lines (Fordism).

Environmental Effects

Negative impact of industrialization, including pollution and climate change.

Social Inequality

The growing disparity in wealth between capitalists and laborers during industrialization.

Labor Movements

Collective efforts by workers to improve conditions and address inequalities.

Child Labor

The exploitation of children in factories, exposing them to harmful conditions.

Urban Slums

Overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in industrial cities.

Gender Roles

The shift in societal expectations, with men working in public and women in private.

Dependency Theory

A theory explaining the economic struggles of formerly imperialized nations.

Imperialism and Colonialism

The expansion of European powers to acquire raw materials from colonies.

Diffusion of IR

The spread of industrialization from Great Britain to Europe, the US, and Japan. Railroads played a big role in the diffusion of the IR itself plus the practices and and ideas.

Monopoly of IR

England's initial attempts to maintain control over industrial advantages.

Belgium and Germany

Early adopters of industrialization in continental Europe.

United States Industrialization

Began adopting industrial practices, including railroads, in the mid-19th century.

Japan's Industrialization

Started industrializing approximately fifty years after the US.

Russia and Ukraine Industrialization

Adopted modern industrial practices in the early 20th century.