Auburn ANSC 1000 Lab Midterm (Exam 1)

Safety Hazards: animal handling

uneven ground

weather/elements

Facility: doors, gates, etc

animal behavior

traveling to and from farms

gate rules

if you found it closed, leave it closed

if you found it open, leave it open

always check location of livestock before opening any gate or door

always leave yourself an ______ when working with animals

out

livestock behavior

herd animals

prey animals vs predator thinking

vision and hearing differences

fight or flight instinct

flight zone and point of balance

cattle flight zone (Temple Grandin illustration)

Temple Grandin

Thinking in Pictures, Animals in Translation, The Autistic Brain, livestock facility designs

Point of Balance (POB)

Position perpendicular to animal's shoulder

positioning oneself anterior or posterior to this location will cause the animal to reverse or move forward

Flight Zone (FZ)

The distance at which an animal will no longer tolerate your approach, it will turn and flee

what is a breed?

a group of organisms having common ancestors and certain distinguishable characteristics

breeds share similar traits:

size

shape

color

behavior

When bred to others of the breed, the offspring will show these traits

The offspring will look, act, and perform like their parents

Dam Traits - Maternal

Traits related to raising healthy offspring

Ex: fertility, milk production, calving ease, care

Sire Traits - Paternal

Traits related to growth, size, and muscling.

Ex: rate of gain, feed efficiency, ribeye area

Sire Traits vs. Dam Traits relates to ________ as a whole (don't confuse with gender of the individual)

breed

beef cattle: group

herd

beef cattle: adjective

bovine

beef cattle: genus and species

Bos taurus or Bos indicus

beef cattle: act of parturition

calving

beef cattle: young male

bull

beef cattle: mature male

bull

beef cattle: mature female

cow

types of cattle: Bos taurus

Developed to perform in temperate climates

• Primarily from Great Britain and Western Europe

• Selected mostly for beef or milk production

types of cattle: Bos indicus

• Developed to perform in hot, tropical climates

• Primarily from India and Southeast Asia

• Selected for draft power and beef

Bos taurus (types of breeds)

British breeds

Exotic or Continental breeds

Includes dairy-type cattle

first type of Bos taurus brought to Unites States

British breeds

Bos taurus breeds NOT from Great Britain

exotic

Bos taurus breeds from the European continent

continental

British Cattle Breeds

Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Red Angus, Shorthorn

British Cattle Breeds have smaller __________ and lighter ________

frames

weight

avg weight of British cattle breeds

1,000-1,500 lbs

used as dam/maternal breeds in crossbreeding programs

British cattle breeds

desirable traits in British cattle breeds

- mature younger----> market earlier

- high fertility

- easy calving

- longevity of life and reproduction

less muscular than exotic cattle breeds

British cattle breeds

Angus cattle breed originated in _______________

scotland

Angus cattle are normally black in color, ______ is recessive

red

Angus cattle are naturally ___________ (no horns)

polled

mature Angus cow avg weight

1,150-1,250 lbs

most popular beef breed

Angus

Angus cattle are often imperfectly called "______ _________"

black Angus

Angus cattle: desirable characteristics

- high carcass quality

- add marbling quickly

- high fertility, good milk production, easy calving

- dark pigment around eye helps prevent cancer eye

- highly desirable in crossbreeding programs

Angus cattle: undesirable characteristics

- slightly nervous/high strung, but not a serious problem

- not overly cold tolerant, but not detrimental

- difficulty with bulls in breeding programs

- dark coat can be troublesome in hot, sunny climates

Angus

Red Angus info

- originated in United States

- same characteristics as Angus

Red Angus: science behind red color

red in color due to recessive gene

Angus genetics: color

Red x Red= _________

Red x Black= __________

red

black

Red Angus

Hereford cattle originated in ___________

England

Hereford cattle have a _____ body and ________ extremities

red

white

white extremities on a Hereford cow

face

chest

pasterns

switch

crest

t or f

Herefords are horned

t

mature Hereford cow weighs __________ lbs

1,150

t or f

Over time, polled animals were selected for and now there are both polled and horned Herefords

t

Hereford: desirable characteristics

•Do well on open range

•Hardy in cold weather

•Moderate size

•Bulls have excellent libido

•High fertility with limited feed

•Good disposition

Hereford: undesirable characteristics

•Low milk production

•Some udder structure problems - large teats

•Light color around the eye makes them more prone to cancer eye

•Do not marble well

•Lay on wasteful external fat

horned Hereford

Polled Hereford

polled Herefords oriented in ____________

United States

polled Herefords have same original ____________ as Hereford

genetics

have a larger frame than Herefords but less muscling

polled Herefords

polled Herefords tend to have a ____________ sheath

pendulous

Shorthorn cattle originated in __________

England

Shorthorn cattle color

red, roan, or white

Shorthorn cattle can be _______ or _______

horned or polled

Horned Shorthorn have horns that are ________ and turn _________

short

downward

avg weight of mature shorthorn cow

1,050 lbs

Shorthorn cattle are a "________" type breed

utility

first popular cattle breed in the United States but declining

shorthorn

Shorthorn cattle: desirable characteristics

- easy calving

- good disposition

- moderate size

- good cross for other breeds

shorthorn cattle: undesirable characteristics

- patchy finish (patchy fat deposition)

- light muscling

- poor carcass quality

shorthorn (horned)

shorthorn (polled)

ex of commercial crossbred cattle

Angus x Hereford

Results in calf with a black body (from Angus) and white face (from Hereford)

commercial crossbred cattle

• Terminal cross for market

• "Black baldy" or "Brockle face"

commercial crossbred cattle

Commercial Crossbred Cattle

exotic/continental breeds:

- developed in _________ Europe

- Larger frame, heavier weight (____-____ lbs)

- mature later--->takes longer to ______ for market

- heavy ______, high ______ yield

- _______ fertility

- increased ________ problems

- ______ marbling

- used as _____/paternal breed in cross breeding

continental, 1200-1400, finish, muscle, carcass, lower, calving, less, sire

exotic/continental cattle breeds developed in ________ Europe

continental

avg exotic/continental cattle weight

1200-1400

heavy muscle in exotic/continental cattle breeds means a high ________ yield

carcass

what are exotic/continental cattle breeds used for in cross breeding?

sire/paternal

Charolais:

- originated in ________

- __________ in color

- horned or _______

- mature cow weight= _____ lbs

france, creamy white, polled, 1500

__________ was one of the first exotic breeds introduced in the United States

Charolais

Charolais: desirable characteristics

- heavy muscling

- rapid growth rate

- desirable yield grade

Charolais: undesirable characteristics

•Low fertility

•Low milk production

•Calving difficulty used to be a problem but selective breeding has eliminated this problem

Charolais

Simmental

originated in _______

Switzerland

Simmental (Beef Cattle) color

• Yellow to red to white

• White face and stockings

t/f

Simmental cattle are predominantly horned

t

mature Simmental cow avg weight

1500 lbs

Simmental cattle are a triple purpose breed. What are their 3 purposes?

draft, milk, meat

Simmental cattle: desirable characteristics

• High milk production (20 lb/day)

• Rapid growth rate

• Works well as either sire or dam breed

Simmental cattle: undesirable traits

• Calving difficulties (Due to heavy birth weight)

• Nutrition related fertility problems (Needs to be managed more like a dairy cow than a beef cow)

Simmental Cattle

Limousin cattle:

originated in _______

france

Limousin cattle color

golden red to light yellow (light around muzzle and eyes)

t/f

Limousin cattle can be horned or polled

t

avg weight of mature Limousin cow

1300 lbs

Limousin cattle: desirable characteristics

• Highest yielding carcasses

• Easy calving

• Good as sire or dam

• Smaller cow size desirable for crossbreeding

_________ cattle have the highest yielding carcasses

Limousin

because of their smaller size, ___________ cattle are desirable as either the sire or the dam in crossbreeding

Limousin