Chapter 9: Islam and the Arab Empire | Quizlet

sheikh

the ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders

Hijrah

the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

bedouin

a nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts

jihad

"struggle in the way of God"

Shia

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam

muezzin

the crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

Kaaba

the most sacred temple of Islam, located at Makkah

Abū Bakr

Islamic leader after Muhammad who expanded and united the Muslim world, conquering the entire Persian Empire, northern Africa, and the Byzantine Empire by 650

Umayyad Dynasty

established by Mu'āwiyah, moved capital from Medina to Damascus, that action split Islam (Shias & Sunnis)

Mu'āwiyah

a general/governor of Syria became caliph in 661. He was one of Ali's chief rivals

Hussein

led a revolt that split Islam into two groups, the Shias and the Sunnis

Abbasid Dynasty

from 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate

Abū al-'Abbās

a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, who overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750. He established a new caliphate ruled by the Abbasid dynasty

Hārūn al-Rashīd

caliph of Abbasid dynasty; his reign is described as a golden age

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks from central Asia, who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. They governed strictly

Fatimid Dynasty

established in Egypt with capital at Cairo in 973

Ibn-Rushd

wrote a commentary on virtually all of Aristotle's surviving works

Ibn Sīnā

wrote a medical encyclopedia that stressed contagious nature of diseases

Ibn-Khaldūn

most prominent Muslim historian of the age

Omar Khayyám

twelfth-century Persian poet, mathematician, and astronomer; wrote the Rubaiyat

Hadith

a collection of Muhammad's sayings

Great Mosque of Sāmarrā'

in present-day Iraq, was the world's largest mosque at the time it was built

Alhambra

Islamic palace in Granada, Spain

Quran

the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam

hajj

a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam

shari'ah

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

caliph

a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims

caliphate

the office or dominion of a caliph

Sunni

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam

vizier

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

sultan

"holder of power"; the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans

bazaar

a covered market in Islamic cities

astrolabe

an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars

arabesque

geometric patterns repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration

minaret

the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

Black Stone

meteorite placed in shrine (Kaaba) in Makkah, Muslims pay homage to it

dhimmitude

the provision that allows non-Muslims to live in Islamic states

Ali

Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin. Leads (some) Muslims after Muhammad's death

Allah

Arabic for "God"; the supreme god of Islam

Islam

monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century

Muslim

a person who believes in Islam

Five Pillars of Islam

acts of worship every Muslim must perform; this includes belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage

dowry

a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam