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sheikh
the ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders
Hijrah
the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam
bedouin
a nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts
jihad
"struggle in the way of God"
Shia
a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam
muezzin
the crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque
Kaaba
the most sacred temple of Islam, located at Makkah
Abū Bakr
Islamic leader after Muhammad who expanded and united the Muslim world, conquering the entire Persian Empire, northern Africa, and the Byzantine Empire by 650
Umayyad Dynasty
established by Mu'āwiyah, moved capital from Medina to Damascus, that action split Islam (Shias & Sunnis)
Mu'āwiyah
a general/governor of Syria became caliph in 661. He was one of Ali's chief rivals
Hussein
led a revolt that split Islam into two groups, the Shias and the Sunnis
Abbasid Dynasty
from 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate
Abū al-'Abbās
a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, who overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750. He established a new caliphate ruled by the Abbasid dynasty
Hārūn al-Rashīd
caliph of Abbasid dynasty; his reign is described as a golden age
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from central Asia, who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. They governed strictly
Fatimid Dynasty
established in Egypt with capital at Cairo in 973
Ibn-Rushd
wrote a commentary on virtually all of Aristotle's surviving works
Ibn Sīnā
wrote a medical encyclopedia that stressed contagious nature of diseases
Ibn-Khaldūn
most prominent Muslim historian of the age
Omar Khayyám
twelfth-century Persian poet, mathematician, and astronomer; wrote the Rubaiyat
Hadith
a collection of Muhammad's sayings
Great Mosque of Sāmarrā'
in present-day Iraq, was the world's largest mosque at the time it was built
Alhambra
Islamic palace in Granada, Spain
Quran
the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam
hajj
a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam
shari'ah
a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives
caliph
a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims
caliphate
the office or dominion of a caliph
Sunni
a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam
vizier
a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries
sultan
"holder of power"; the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans
bazaar
a covered market in Islamic cities
astrolabe
an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars
arabesque
geometric patterns repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration
minaret
the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day
Black Stone
meteorite placed in shrine (Kaaba) in Makkah, Muslims pay homage to it
dhimmitude
the provision that allows non-Muslims to live in Islamic states
Ali
Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin. Leads (some) Muslims after Muhammad's death
Allah
Arabic for "God"; the supreme god of Islam
Islam
monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century
Muslim
a person who believes in Islam
Five Pillars of Islam
acts of worship every Muslim must perform; this includes belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage
dowry
a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife
Muhammad
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam
