PSYC111 MODULE 13: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

Demonology

the doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind and body thereby can be treated by exorcism; the ritualistic casting out of evil

Trephination

involves cutting holes on the skull in the belief that evil spirits may come out

Hydrotherapy

Patients were shocked back to their senses by being submerged in ice-cold water

Dark Ages: Church

Gained influence and the papacy was declared independent of the state

Dark Ages: Christian monasteries

Replaced physicians as healers and as authorities on mental disorder

Dark Ages: Monks

Cared and prayed for mentally ill; Concocted potions

Persecution of Witches: Witchcraft

Was viewed as instigated by Satan; was seen as denial of God

Persecution of Witches: Tortured

Those accused of witchcraft should be?

Persecution of Witches: Historians

Conclude that many of the accused were mentally ill

Lunacy Trials (13th Century in England): Municipal Authorities

Assumed responsibility for care of mentally ill

Lunacy Trials (13th Century in England)

Trials held to determine sanity

Lunacy Trials (13th Century in England)

They attribute insanity to misalignment of moon and stars

Development of Asylums: Asylums

Are establishments for the confinement and care of mentally ill

Development of Asylums: St. Mary of Bethlehem (1243)

Is one of the first mental institutions

1. Eugenics

2. Insulin-Coma Therapy

3. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

4. Prefrontal Lobotomy

Foundations of Biological Approach (4)

Eugenics

Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from population or to breed out people with mental disorder

Insulin-Coma Therapy

By Manfred Sakel (1927)

Insulin-Coma Therapy

Clients will be injected with high dosage of insulin to be comatosed then recover

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

By Cerletti and Bini (1938)

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Induced epileptic seizures with electric shock

Prefrontal Lobotomy

By Egas Moniz (1935)

Prefrontal Lobotomy

Often lead to listlessness, apathy, and lack of cognitive abilities

Prefrontal Lobotomy

Referred nowadays as medical barbarism

Mental Disorders

Distress or Disability

There is usually significant _ or _ in social or occupational activities

The Diagnosis of Mental Disorder

Should have clinical utility

The Diagnosis of Mental Disorder

It should help clinicians to determine prognosis and treatment plans

The Diagnosis of Mental Disorder

Is not equivalent to a need for treatment

1. The Clinical Interview

2. DSM-5 text Description

3. DSM-5 Criteria

4. Clinician Judgement

Diagnosis are made on the basis of (4)

1. Administer cross-cutting assessments

2. Administer WHODAS 2.0

3. Conduct clinical interview

4. Determine whether a diagnostic threshold is met

5. Consider subtypes and/or specifiers

6. Consider contextual information, disorder text, distress, clinician judgment

7. Apply codes and develop a treatment plan

Steps in Making Diagnosis (7)

1. Distress

2. Dysfunction

3. Danger

4. Deviance

Defining a Mental Disorder: 4 D's

Personal Distress

A person's behavior may be classified as disordered if it cause him a great distress or unpleasant feeling or emotions that impacts level of functioning

Personal Distress

This discomfort interferes with the daily activities and functioning

Psychological Dysfunction

This is the point at which a person has a significant impairment in a life area, such as work, home, interpersonal or social life is impaired

Psychological Dysfunction

In the addictions world, this is often called "hitting rock bottom"

Deviance

Has two (2) different types: Statistical and Social

Statistical Deviance

Means that the behavior does not occur often in the society

Social Deviance

Means that most people in the community find the behavior to be "odd". Neither of these by themself is enough for something to be abnormal

1. Presents

2. Prevalence

3. Incidence

4. Onset

5. Course

6. Etiology

7. Treatment Development

8. Prognosis

Clinical Descriptions (8)

Presents

The presenting problem of the client

Prevalence

How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?

Incidence

How many new cases occur during a given period, such as year?

Onset

How did the disorder begin?

Acute Onset

Sudden onset

Insidious Onset

Gradual onset

Course

Disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern

Chronic Course

The disorder will last for a long time of sometimes, a life time

Episodic Course

The client will likely recover from a disorder within a few months but may reoccur

Time-limited Course

The disorder will improve without treatment

Etiology

What is the origin of the disorder?

Etiology

What are the factors contributed to the development of the disorder?

Treatment of Development

Treatment of Development

Kinds of treatment include pharmacologic, psychosocial, psychotherapy or combined treatments

Prognosis

The anticipated course of a disorder which can be good or guarded

Good Prognosis

Means the client may recover easily

Guarded Prognosis

Means the client may recover but gradually

1. Internalizing Group

2. Externalizing Group

Clusters of Mental Disorders (2)

Internalizing Group

Disorders with prominent anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptoms

Externalizing Group

Disorder with prominent impulsive, disruptive conduct, and substance use symptoms

1. Neurodevelopment Disorders

2. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

3. Bipolar and Related Disorders

4. Depressive Disorders

5. Anxiety Disorders

6. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

7. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

8. Dissociative Disorders

9. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

10. Feeding and Eating Disorders

11. Elimination Disorders

12. Sleep-Wake Disorders

13. Sexual Dysfunctions

14. Gender Dysphoria

15. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

16. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

17. Neurocognitive Disorders

18. Personality Disorders

19. Paraphilic Disorders

20. Other Mental Disorders

Categories of Disorders in DSM-5 (20)