Microbiology viruses 3

What is nosocomial infections

A hospital acquired infection is an infection which was not present at the time of admission

common in up to 25% of patients administered to hospital

What are the most common infections

• urinary tract

• respiratory(#1)

• wound

• skin

• soft tissue

• septicaemia

What does preventable mean

Medical or nursing or surgical mishaps

• bad hand washing, leaving stuff inside patients

What is non preventable

stuff you can’t control

-immunodeficient patient, surgeries where organs are damaged

What are sources for hospital acquired infections

• environment

• person 2 person

• food supply

• air supply

• fomites

• vector

• water supply

Endogenous

When someone doesn’t disinfect a body properly pushing your own bacteria further

exogenous

you touching the patient and transferring your bacteria to them

fomites

not alive

vector

living entity passing stuff from one host to another

What are the three chain of infection

• source

• route of infection

• host

Source

location where microorganisms replicate and disseminate(Pest control, precautions, identification)

route of infection

way by which micro-organisms leave source to get host( sterilize, disinfect)

host

how susceptible are you? age? immune status?( Asepsis, vaccines)

what are some hospital infection control plans that are in place

• render source non-infectious

• prevent microorganisms from leaving source

• interfere with dissemination routes

• prevent microorganisms from entering host

• identification and detection of source are most important

Universal precaution

Infection control techniques recommended following the AIDS outbreak in 1980s

every patient is treated as if they are infected and therefore precautions are taken to minimize risk '

some include good hygiene, habits( handwashing …)

What are some additional precautions used in addition to Universal precaution

• Prion diseases

• Diseases with air-borne transmission

• Diseases with droplet transmission

• Transmission by direct or indirect contact with dried skin

Why does universal precaution not equal isolation of patient

because at some point you have to go and treat them so you have to practice

Infection control in communities

• Social and environmental factors

• Health education

• Food safety

• Vector control

• Immunization

• Chemoprophylaxis

• Outbreak investigations

• National and international agencies

What are some physical ways to clean, sterilize and disinfect

heat

• dry (150-200ºC)

• moist (pasteurization, boiling, autoclaving, microwaves)

• incineration (1000ºC!)

radiation

• gamma

• ultraviolet

Physical

• filtration

Chemical

In order for a disinfectant to be effective, the following must be thought about

• concentration of germicide?

• what is the target?

• what is the contact time?

• what is the temperature that I should use product at?

• load? Organic? Inorganic?

• miscellaneous factors…

What is the order of decreasing order of resistance

Spores/cysts

Mycobacteria

Fungi

Vegetative bacteria

Enveloped viruses

Antiseptics

used to inactivate and remove flora (transient, resident) from hands prior to surgical procedures, site of operation

 used for treatment and/or prevention of infection on skin surfaces or mucous membranes

Hand rubs

• removes transient flora only

• usually contains 60-70% ethanol…plus emollient