Ap gov review

The declaration ofindependence

The declaration ofindependence

• social contract; responsabilities for the people (obey) nd responsabilities for the goverment (protect rights)

• Natural rights

• People have political equality

• People shall not alter gov

• 999999

Participatory democracy

• house of representatives

The original constittion did not have a lot of this.

People directly elect and participate in elections (broad participation in politics)

Pluralist Democracy

Group based activis by non govermental interest striving for impact on political decision making

• federalist 10 was in favor of this.

Elite democracy

Limited participation in politics and civil society. Started due to the undereducation in the past.

Federalist 10 vs Brutus

Federalist 10 says that faction emerge in alll groups but is easier to control in a larger one.

Brutus 1, antifederalist

• Necessary and proper clause; created a greate concern due to its gigantic power

• To much power in the federal gov.

• The fears of brutus 1 were legitimate, they did happen

• Corruption, not connected to the people (too far away), no one to hold them accountable.

Constitution and Articles of confederation

Emerged from the fears that the articles of confederation left. So they did give lot of power to the federal government.

In the articles:

• Lack of centrslized power to address Shays Rebelion

• Lack of tax-law enforcement power

Compromises for the contitution (Great Conneticut Compromise)

• Electoral college

• 3/5 compromises(Increased the power of southern states)

• Compromise on the importation o slaves.

• Article 5: (amendment process), (2nd method ) 2/3 of the states

Federalist 51

Checks and Balances

• they divided the legislature

• Multiple access points to influene policy

• A stakeholder is a person, group or organization with a vested interest, or stake, in the decision-making and activities of a business, organization or project.

Categorical grant

Mini controlling the states via funding

• Lunch program,

• You need to complete the regulation that the government states.

Block grants

Let the states decide how to use the money (flexibility). It still has to be for a defined program or area, so it is not everything.

Ex:

• transportation grants

McCulloch V. Maryland

Congress has implied powers necessary to implement its enumerated powers and establised supremacy of the us constitution and fed laws over state laws.

BANK CASE. Maryland wanted to tax the fed goverment.

United States V. Lopez

Gun in school, opposed a congressional law, which was defended over the commerce clause.

The fed gov cant regulate it, there are limits, states sovereignty

House vs Congress

House

• Many people, so more structure and organization, more dependent of comitees

• Harder to have control

• No filibuster

• Comitee chairs are the most powerful, has to be a memeber of the majority

• Discharge petition

Senate

• filibuster, so easier to do stuff as an individual, defeat the filibuster 60 votes

• Simple majority if no opposition

• Unanimouse consent agreement: you agree ahead of time that you arre no filibustering the rule, and the legislation passes

Bot h need to pass MANDATORY is the budget

Pork barrel legislation

Fed dollars that go to a state due to a congresss man amending lgislation to gie money. Makes them look good on the state with higher probabilities to be reelected.

Logrolling effect: indiference, aware of the problem but doing nothing about it

Gerrymandering

Drawing the congressional districts so it favors one party.

Partisan gerrymandering, its fine, the court doesnt get involvedin politiccal gerrymandering, just if it involves stuff like racial discrimination or one person one vote (equal protection clause)

Shawn v Reno

North caroline (under the voting rights ac, due to its history of discrimination) 20% Aa , there has to be at least a few African american representive. They did racial gerrimandering, the popultion sued them.

Pure racial mandering is unconstitutional. Race cannot be the only reason

Delegate

Because they vte the sameway with their constituents

Trustee

Vote the other way as their constituents , because the trust them

Politico

that representatives rarely consistently act as just a delegate or just a trustee when representing their constituents. It is a hybrid of the two models discussed above and involves representatives acting as delegates and trustees, depending on the issue.

President

Use powers andperform function s of the office to acomplish a policy agenda

Formal and informal powers:

• Vetoes and pocket vetoes (fomal). In divided party control

• Foreign policy; both for¿mal (commander in chief), and informal (executive orders)

• Bargaing and persuassion: seure congressional power (informal=

• Executive order, is weak when it contradicts congress

• SIgning statements; indicate what you dont like about a law, and still sign it.

Divided party control

House and senate different parties.

• not a lot of policies actually enacted

New technology nd the presidency

• easier to bully pupit

Judicial Review

allows the Supreme Court to take an active role in ensuring that the other branches of government abide by the Constitution. The text of the Constitution does not contain a specific provision for the power of judicial review.

How to control the Judiciary

• Congressional legislation to modify the impact of decisions

• Constitutional amendments

• Judicial appointments and confirmatioin

• The president and states evading or ignorng SCD

• Legislation ipacting court juridictioin.

Bureocracy agencies

Is an enforcement way to implement the legislation enacted.

Administrative law: ????

A bureaucracy is any organization composed of multiple departments, each with policy- and decision-making authority.

is a form of work organization. The historical meaning of the term refers to a body of non-elected government officials, but is nowadays understood as an administrative system used by corporations and public institutions.

Discretionary Authorative

Ability to chose what to do without having to ask congress. Power already given to tem

Civil liberties vs rights

Liberties are protected by limiting gov, while rights are created to protecct 99999

Bill of rights

Consist of the ten amendment s with enumarate the civil liberties and rights of individuals.

Establishmnt clause

Gov cant favor one religion over the other

Enger V. Vitale

School SPONSORSIP of religious activities violates the establishment clause. Only out of school hours

Also selective incorporation case, incoporating the establishment clause to all the states.

Wisonsin v. Yoder

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eight grade violates the free exercise clause.

Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community school district

The supreme court has held that symbolic speech is protected by the 1st amendment, in which the court ruled that public school students could wear black armbands in school to protest the vietnam war.

• this was not disruptive to the school, so they could do it}

• Symbolic speech

• (For example using clothes that are not in the school code)

(If it disruptive the school is free to ban it)

Shank v united states

The freedoms on 1st amendment are not absolute.

Not protected if:

• Likely provoke harm, specially if there are already laws that state it.

• Time, place, and manner regulations. (You cant protesst in the midde f the night breaking every building)

New Yor Times v united states

Prior Restraint:

Pentagon papers. The supreme court ruled that they could be posted, Freedom of the press (1st aendment)

8th mendment

Ourts interpretation 00000

McDonald v Chicago

2nd amendment was applicable to the sates. A Fundamental Right. Enough history and tradition

Roe v. Wade

Some part was overturned due t its lack of tradition and history

14th amendment

Due process clause.

States may not make laws that deprived US Citizens of privileged and inmunitie, may not deny life, liberty, or property without due process, may not deny equal protection of the law

Gideon v. Wainwright

Which guaranteed the right to an attorney for the poor or indigent.

Slective incorporation case, (7 th amendmet???)

The exclusionary rule

Evidence illegaly seized by law enforcement cannot be used in court (trial)

The Miranda rule

"You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning.

Right to privacy

Roe v Wade

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Brown v Board of education

Race based discrimination in schools violates the 14th aendment

Title 9

Reate parity in women/man sports

Scholarships

Factors that influence political socalizations

• Family

• School

• Peers media

• Social enviorments

As a result of globalizatno, U.S. political culture has both influenced by various countries

• generational and lifecyccle effects

Scientific poll

• political neutral

• Randomization procedures

• Type and format of questions

• Publishing margin of error

Liberals v Conservatives

Liberals:

Linkage institutions

Rational voting

Citizens personal interest

Retrospectiv voting

Whether theparty or candidate in power should be re-elected based on the recent past

Prospctive voting

Based on how will they perform in the future

party line voting

Supporting a party by voting for candidates from one politcal prty

Structural barriers

• state voter registration laws

• Procedures on how, when, and where to vote

• Mid term congressional or presidential election

Political parties

• find candidates

• Pay for the agenda

• Establish a agnda

• Mobilize voters

Independent expenditure groups