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Actor-Observer Bias
The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal causes while attributing our own behavior to external or situational causes
thinking peoples actions always reflect themselves
bias
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Selfless
True
Asch’s Conformity Study
I study on conformity that solve what someone would do if they knew something was right, but nobody agreed
Lines
Conformity
Attribution Theory
the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition
connect behavior to trait or situation
Base-Rate Fallacy
the tendency to ignore relevant statistical information in favor of case-specific information.
ignoring infomation
bias
Bystander Effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Thinking others will help
Not helping
Central Route Persuasion
Occurs when interest people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Gives evidence and arguments to trigger thoughts
Uses data
Cognitive Dissonance
We act to reduce the discomfort when two of our thoughts are in conflict
Conflict
Changing a behavior or thought to get rid of this
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self restraint in an anonymous group situation
Lack of individual opinion
Peer pressure
Diffusion of Responsibility
phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present
doing less work when others are around
thinking others will help
Door-in-the-Face Technique
The tendency for someone to agree to a smaller task after being asked a larger task
“Compromising”
Large then small
Elaboration Likelihood Model
explains how attitudes form and change through two paths: central and peripheral
peripheral route persuasion- uses things like looks and outside factors
central route persuasion- uses deep thinking
Ethnocentrism
When someone assumes the superiority of their ethnic group
Superiority
False Consensus Effect
the tendency to assume that one's own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case.
thinking everyone agrees with you
misunderstanding others opinions
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
The tendency for people who agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Small then large
Easing in
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
assuming someones trait based on one experience or factor
“lily is quiet in history so she is a quiet person”
Group Polarization
The enhancing of a group’s prevailing inclinations through group discussion
Going to a greater extreme
Becoming more sure of your argument
Groupthink
Occurs when the desire for harmony in a group outweighs realistic, thinking for decision-making
Approval not correctness
Agreeing to be in group
Ingroup Bias
The tendency to favor our own group
Staying IN the group
Just-World Phenomenon
A tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and serve what they get
Karma
Everything happens for a reason
Latane and Darley Decision Tree
a five-step model that explains why people may not intervene in an emergency, even when they witness one
may believe it is not an emergency
believes others will help
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking for them
Getting used to something
Repeated exposure
Milgram’s Obedience Study
The study of obedience their experiments seeing how far someone would go to follow orders
People shocked others
Against guidelines
Mirror Image Perception
the tendency for opposing groups or individuals to see each other in a contrasting, yet similar, way.
ingroup=moral
outgroup=inmoral
Norms/Social Norms
the unwritten rules or expectations that guide behavior within a group or culture
ex. turning around in elevator
what others do
Other-Race Effect
Tendency to recall faces from one’s own race more accurately
Emerges around 3 to 9 months old
“ Other races look similar to each other”
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
the tendency to perceive members of other groups (outgroups) as more similar to each other than they actually are, while simultaneously perceiving members of one's own group (ingroup) as more diverse
ingroup= more diverse
outgroup= all the same
Peripheral Route Persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness
does not engage systematic thinking
ex. JFK
Scapegoat Theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anchor, but providing someone to blame
projecting
An outlet for anger
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true.
changing behavior for thought to come true
ex. I believe I am going to have a bad day so I argue with lily
Self-Serving Bias
the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors (like your own abilities) and negative outcomes to external factors (like bad luck or other people)
you get in a crash- it was other persons fault or it was raining
you are nice to someone- not for your benefit, you are a kind person
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on a well learned task in the presence of others
Doing better with others
Showing off
Social Influence Theory
the idea that individuals' thoughts, feelings, and actions are shaped by the presence and actions of others
we copy others
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort
Group projects
Not carrying weight
Social Reciprocity Norm
a fundamental social expectation that individuals should return benefits or favors they receive
karma
give what you get
Social Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help
Being a good human
Helping
Social Trap/Prisoner’s Dilemma
individuals acting in their own best interest create a negative outcome for the group as a whole.
one bad apple
Superordinate Goals
common, overarching objectives that two or more groups need to work together to achieve, fostering cooperation and reducing intergroup conflict
working together
Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment
a study that simulated a prison environment to investigate how situational factors influence behavior, particularly the role of social roles on behavior
showed how roles impact identity