Unit 8- Social Psychology

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39 Terms

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Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal causes while attributing our own behavior to external or situational causes

  • thinking peoples actions always reflect themselves

  • bias

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Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

  • Selfless

  • True

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Asch’s Conformity Study

I study on conformity that solve what someone would do if they knew something was right, but nobody agreed

  • Lines

  • Conformity

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Attribution Theory

the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition

  • connect behavior to trait or situation

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Base-Rate Fallacy

the tendency to ignore relevant statistical information in favor of case-specific information.

  • ignoring infomation

  • bias

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Bystander Effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

  • Thinking others will help

  • Not helping

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Central Route Persuasion

Occurs when interest people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

  • Gives evidence and arguments to trigger thoughts

  • Uses data

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Cognitive Dissonance

We act to reduce the discomfort when two of our thoughts are in conflict

  • Conflict

  • Changing a behavior or thought to get rid of this

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Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self restraint in an anonymous group situation

  • Lack of individual opinion

  • Peer pressure

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Diffusion of Responsibility

phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present

  • doing less work when others are around

  • thinking others will help

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Door-in-the-Face Technique

The tendency for someone to agree to a smaller task after being asked a larger task

  • “Compromising”

  • Large then small

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

explains how attitudes form and change through two paths: central and peripheral

  • peripheral route persuasion- uses things like looks and outside factors

  • central route persuasion- uses deep thinking

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Ethnocentrism

When someone assumes the superiority of their ethnic group

  • Superiority

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False Consensus Effect

the tendency to assume that one's own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case.

  • thinking everyone agrees with you

  • misunderstanding others opinions

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Foot-in-the-Door Technique

The tendency for people who agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

  • Small then large

  • Easing in

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Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

  • assuming someones trait based on one experience or factor

  • “lily is quiet in history so she is a quiet person”

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Group Polarization

The enhancing of a group’s prevailing inclinations through group discussion

  • Going to a greater extreme

  • Becoming more sure of your argument

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Groupthink

Occurs when the desire for harmony in a group outweighs realistic, thinking for decision-making

  • Approval not correctness

  • Agreeing to be in group

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Ingroup Bias

The tendency to favor our own group

  • Staying IN the group

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Just-World Phenomenon

A tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and serve what they get

  • Karma

  • Everything happens for a reason

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Latane and Darley Decision Tree

a five-step model that explains why people may not intervene in an emergency, even when they witness one

  • may believe it is not an emergency

  • believes others will help

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Mere Exposure Effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking for them

  • Getting used to something

  • Repeated exposure

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Milgram’s Obedience Study

The study of obedience their experiments seeing how far someone would go to follow orders

  • People shocked others

  • Against guidelines

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Mirror Image Perception

the tendency for opposing groups or individuals to see each other in a contrasting, yet similar, way.

  • ingroup=moral

  • outgroup=inmoral

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Norms/Social Norms

the unwritten rules or expectations that guide behavior within a group or culture

  • ex. turning around in elevator

  • what others do

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Other-Race Effect

Tendency to recall faces from one’s own race more accurately

  • Emerges around 3 to 9 months old

  • “ Other races look similar to each other”

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Out-Group Homogeneity Bias

the tendency to perceive members of other groups (outgroups) as more similar to each other than they actually are, while simultaneously perceiving members of one's own group (ingroup) as more diverse

  • ingroup= more diverse

  • outgroup= all the same

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Peripheral Route Persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness

  • does not engage systematic thinking

  • ex. JFK

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Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anchor, but providing someone to blame

  • projecting

  • An outlet for anger

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true.

  • changing behavior for thought to come true

  • ex. I believe I am going to have a bad day so I argue with lily

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Self-Serving Bias

the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors (like your own abilities) and negative outcomes to external factors (like bad luck or other people)

  • you get in a crash- it was other persons fault or it was raining

  • you are nice to someone- not for your benefit, you are a kind person

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Social Facilitation

Improved performance on a well learned task in the presence of others

  • Doing better with others

  • Showing off

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Social Influence Theory

the idea that individuals' thoughts, feelings, and actions are shaped by the presence and actions of others

  • we copy others

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Social Loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort

  • Group projects

  • Not carrying weight

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Social Reciprocity Norm

a fundamental social expectation that individuals should return benefits or favors they receive

  • karma

  • give what you get

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Social Responsibility Norm

An expectation that people will help those needing their help

  • Being a good human

  • Helping

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Social Trap/Prisoner’s Dilemma

individuals acting in their own best interest create a negative outcome for the group as a whole. 

  • one bad apple

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Superordinate Goals

common, overarching objectives that two or more groups need to work together to achieve, fostering cooperation and reducing intergroup conflict

  • working together

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Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment

a study that simulated a prison environment to investigate how situational factors influence behavior, particularly the role of social roles on behavior

  • showed how roles impact identity