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Ontario's Forests
2% of the world's forests
-25% of Canada's forests
Ownership of Forests
- crown forests: 45 million hectares
- ontario forests are build around three themes
1) society's expectations
2) forest and environmental policy
3) sustainable forests
Legislative history of Ontario
ontario forest industry was build on pulp and paper
1953: crown timber act - little success in regeneration
1972: forest production policy
- offered options for long term forest management and the costs of achieving such options-- base to develop forest management agreements
- 1976: armson report forest management in Ontario -- lead to high policy shift
- gave forest regeneration with the tenure
1977: transferring forest management responsibility from gouvernment to industry
1) basis of tenure
2) provision of suitable incentives to encourage the licencee to undertake management
3) effective process to monitor and review achievement
Crown Timber Amendment Act--
Forest Management Act key provisions
1) tenure: obligation is for 20 but reviewed every 5 years and they add 5 years based on the success of the review
2) planning and documentation: annual reports, forest management plans and operating plans
3) annual awable cut: sustainable level of harvesting taking into account loss from fires, insects and disease
4) costs of road and regeneration:
- 1984- MNR takes responsibility for basic funding on crown land
- by 1984-- 22 agreements had been signed
Crown Timber Act revised
- defined sustainable yield -- how much can be sued based on amount of wood and how much forest can regenerate
- how cost were going to be managed- trust funds-- to generate interests
- futures trust funds: establish a fund to deal with unpredictable events
early ninetees
change in approach of forest
- emphasis on sustainability
- policy framework for sustainable forest
- high level policy which influences leglilation
- defining goals for ontario's forest-- ensuring long-term health
- not talking about timber but managing forest sustainably
- we must see forest as ecosystems not just forests
- new forest culture
- set the stage for sustainability act
crown forest sustainability act
which was very different
- manage crown forest for social, economic and environmental needs
- sustainability means long term forest
- enabling legislation and regulating manuals under the act -- made for a nimble approach to forest management -- monitor outcomes and adapt
CFSA Principles
crown forest and ecological processes and diversity should be conserved
- long term health and vigour and emulate natural disturbance and landscape patterns
acts that shapes forest management
- environmental assesment act:
- outlined responsibility of the gouvernment to undertake an environmental assesment and was a declaration order
- environmental bill of rights: going to the public when making big changes
- professional foresters act: what is the role of foresters, what is their right to title?
- endangered species act
- involvement of indigenous peoples and public
- ontario forest ternure modernization act: giving a tenure in exchange of operating a guideline
Sustainable forest management
1) long-term planning
2) leglistation/ regulations
3) forest policies / stratergies
4) forest management plans-- public participation is key aspect!!
4) forest license
-- after this operation can begin!!
- then you have to monitor, leglisated public reporting, found on sound science and information
2020
new forest sector strategy--
-endangered species act: allow for a permanent exemption of forest activites from the specific requirements of the act
- no environmental assesment act -- minsitry of environment to take a role
crown forest sustainability act purpose
- provide the sustainability of corwn forests
implementations
- applies on all crown land in Ontario
- relies on 4 regulated manuals to provide detailed requirements
- information management and exchange, forest operations, licensing, trusts funds and processing facilities, remedies and enforcement, independant forest audits
4 management manuals
direction on what is allowed
1) planning manual
2) operation and silviculture
3) information manual
4) scaling manual
-- where the rule set exists
Forest Management Guides
how to manage forest for different purposes and areas of focus
external engagement
forest policy commitee-- no longer as of 2020
technical commitee??
focus groups, surveys
stakeholders and indigenous engagement
environmental registry posting
Forest Tenure in Ontario
legal arrangements that define rights and responsibilities for the management and use of Crown Forests
- currently managed by the crown and those engaging in activities
- capacity and willignes among the forest industry, local communities and indigenous communties to come together
what has changed today? - 2006
- sustainable forest license agreements
- co-operative SFL: communities and stake-holders coming together to manage these forests
- forestry under algongquin park-- AFA-- under one act - under another act
tenure now
- reflect the needs of different communties
- no longer one size fits all
- SFL enhanced
- not managed under the crown sustainability act -- not a lot of crown land down
- a lot more indigenous gouvernance- which is a lot of big changes! -- sometimes actual indigenous gouvernance
- coming to recognize that communties matter!! - one size fits all does not work-flexibility is important
forest economics
application of economics to forestry
- economics is effective in designing policies
state of forest economy
collapse in production in depression
- pulp and paper demand dropped and forest sector has had to adapt
- rise of asian economies
- demand for forest markets is shifting away from america and canada
- some lack timber in middle age class
how to deal with this - ontario forest sector stratergy
1) grow demand:
- new markets for products
- reduce cost - which may compromise environmental costs and protecting non timber forests
- recognition at sustainale forest management
- encouraging investments
theories behind this
"competitiveness"
- in other terms winning-> selling their products and making profits
- comparative advantage: making a product for less costs
four factors in competitiveness
1) things to go into production
2) demand conditions
3) clusters of industries
- relative concept
von thunen land use model
value per unit land of the different products and role of travel costs
- farmers produce more value per unit land so they can bid out foresters
- forest closer to the market can be harvested more cheaply and thus cost less than a forest harvested further away --- why protected forests are the most inaccessible
earth economic forests
- harvested close to cities
- most productive forests are the most competitive
- studying the production structure of the forest is important to understanding its competitiveness
final thoughts
need to understand the economics of the world of the forest to understand to current states of forests today
