Biology exam revision topic 8

asexual reproduction

the production of offspring from just one parent, no need to find a mate, resulting in large numbers of offspring being produced relatively quickly

binary fission

a form of asexual reproduction where there is an equal division of the complete organism into two identical offspring

budding

a form of asexual reproduction where a new individual develops through cell division as an outgrowth on the parent

clones

identical offspring produced from asexual reproduction

cutting

a cloning technique used in agriculture where a section of a plant (stem, root or leaf) is removed and planted in soil or water

embryo splitting

a cloning technique used in horticulture to produce clones in livestock (stockbreeding) that utilises the splitting of an embryo to produce offspring from quality male and female livestock

external fertilisation

where animals release their gametes into the external environment and fertilisation occurs outside the body

fragmentation

a form of asexual reproduction where part of the organism breaks off and regenerates into a new individual

grafting

a cloning technique used in agriculture that involves transferring part of one plant onto the cut stem of another plant (known as rootstock)

hermaphrodite

an organism that contains both male and female reproductive organs

internal fertilisation

where males deliver sperm directly into the female's reproductive tract and fertilisation occurs inside the body

parthenogenesis

a form of asexual reproduction that involves the development of a new individual from an unfertilised egg which does not require sperm from the male

sexual reproduction

a form of reproduction where two parents contribute genetic material to the offspring resulting in genetically diverse individuals

spore formation

a form of asexual reproduction that involves the creation of new cells through mitosis; spores are then released into the environment when conditions are favourable

somatic cell nuclear transfer

(SCNT) a cloning technique that uses somatic cell genetic material to create a clone of an animal

tissue culture

a cloning technique used in agriculture to produce large quantities of plants rapidly; tissue is taken from plants, grown in a culture medium and treated with hormones and nutrients

vegetative propagation

a form of asexual reproduction in plants where there is a separation and formation of a new plant from either leaves, stems or underground roots (runners, tubers, rhizomes and bulbs)