SLP ANAPHYS - UNIT 1

Respiratory System

Respiration

this is how we breathe (inhaling and exhaling)

1. Pulmonary Ventilation

2. External (Pulmonary) Respiration

3. Internal (Tissue) Respiration

steps involved in respiration:

Pulmonary Ventilation

this step in respiration is inhaling and exhaling air from the atmosphere

External (Pulmonary) Respiration

this step in respiration is the gas exchange between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Internal (Tissue) Respiration

this step in respiration is the gas exchange between the systemic capillaries and tissue cells

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: external respiration is focused on structural gas exchange, while internal respiration is focused on atomic gas exchange

1. Nose

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchi

6. Lungs

parts of the respiratory system:

1. Structural (Upper RS and Lower RS)

2. Functional (Conduction Zone and Respiration Zone)

the two classifications of the respiratory system:

Nose → Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Associated Structures

upper respiratory system parts:

Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs

lower respiratory system parts:

Nose → Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Terminal Bronchioles

conduction zone parts:

Bronchioles → Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar Sacs, and Alveoli

respiratory zone parts:

Nose

this is a specialized organ at the entrance of the respiratory system where air passes through

External Nose

this is the part of the nose that we see on the face, and where air enters

1. a supporting framework of Bone and Hyaline Cartilage,

2. covered by Skin and Muscle,

3. lined with a Mucous Membrane

components of the external nose:

1. Frontal Bone

2. Nasal Bones

3. Maxillae

key bony framework of the external nose:

Internal Nose

a large space located in the anterior aspect of the skull

1. Frontal

2. Sphenoid

3. Ethmoid

4. Maxillae

_(FSAM)

bony structures that contain the paranasal sinuses:

1. Ethmoid

2. Maxillae

3. Lacrimal

4. Palatine

5. Inferior Nasal Conchae

_(EMLPI)

bony structures that cover the lateral walls:

1. Superior Concha

2. Middle Concha

3. Inferior Concha

these structures act as a humidifier for the air we breathe

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: breathing in cold air causes the nose to inflame because cold air with the hot internal temperature in the nose causes more blood circulation, contributing to inflammation

1. Lightening the skull

2. Mucus production

3. Immunological defense

4. Humidifying and warming the air

functions of the internal nose:

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the bony and cartilaginous framework of the nose helps keep the vestibule and nasal cavity patent or open

1. Vestibule

2. Olfactory Region (superior) - in charge of smell

3. Respiratory Region (inferior) - in charge of breathing

regions of the internal nose (nasal cavities):

Pharynx

a funnel-shaped, 13 cm tube that starts at the internal nares and extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage

1. Nasopharynx - nasal cavity to the soft palate

2. Oropharynx - oral cavity to the soft palate

3. Laryngopharynx - from the hyoid bone to the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly

the three divisions of the pharynx:

Larynx

the “voice box,” which connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea; the midline of the neck, and anterior to the esophagus and the C4 to C6 cervical vertebrae

Paired: (ACC)

1. Arytenoids - triangle-shaped

2. Corniculate - horn-shaped

3. Cuneiform - very small piece that has no purpose other than structural support

Unpaired: (TCE)

1. Thyroid

2. Cricoid

3. Epiglottis

9 pieces of cartilage that compose the laryngeal wall:

1. True Folds (Vocal Folds)

2. False Folds (Ventricular Folds)

_{*mucous membranes form these folds}

parts of the vocal folds:

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the ventricular folds serve as airway protection and build pressure for the Valsalva maneuver, while the vocal folds do not serve much for survival and are only reserved for talking

1. Extrinsic (outside the larynx)

2. Intrinsic (inside the larynx; connects cartilage to cartilage)

the muscles of the larynx:

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: pitch is controlled by the tension on the vocal folds—the higher the tension, the higher the pitch, the lower the tension, the lower the pitch

Trachea

the “windpipe,” which extends from the larynx to the T5 vertebra; it is 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the trachea consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped rings that provide semirigid support to maintain patency so that the tracheal wall does not collapse inward and obstruct the air passageway

Conducting Zone (trachea to terminal bronchioles) → Respiratory Zone (respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs)

^{*Conduction Zone: TMLSBT; Respiratory Zone: RAA}

overall airway branching:

Trachea → Main Bronchi → Lobar Bronchi → Segmental Bronchi → Bronchioles → Terminal Bronchioles

branching of the bronchial tree

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the right main bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left; thus, if a patient aspirates, the foreign object is most likely going to be in the right main bronchus

Bronchioles

these branch from the segmental bronchi and contain club (Clara) cells, which protect against the harmful effects of carcinogens

Terminal Bronchioles

these are the end of the conducting zone of the respiratory system

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the respiratory passages from the trachea to the alveolar ducts contain 23 generations of branching

Lungs

these are paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

Mediastinum

aside from the heart, this structure also separates the two lungs

Pleural Membrane

the double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs

1. Parietal Pleura - covers or lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

2. Visceral Pleura - covers the lung itself

the two layers of pleural membrane are:

Pleural Cavity

this is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura, which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: without pleura, there will be inflammation when respiration occurs because of friction

Bronchopulmonary Segment

the portion of the lung tissue that each segmental bronchus supplies

Lobules

small compartments in the bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs

1. Base (Broad) - posterior

2. Apex - superior

two parts of the lungs:

1. Costal - lines the ribs

2. Mediastinal - near the heart

3. Diaphragmatic - rests on top of the diaphragm

the surfaces of the lungs:

Lobes

the lungs are divided by fissured into sections called ___

1. Right Lung - has oblique and horizontal fissures

2. Left Lung - has only an oblique fissure

the fissures of the lungs are:

Alveolar Sac

the terminal dilation of the alveolar duct; this is where conduction ends and respiration occurs

Alveoli

the outpouching parts of the alveolar sacs; this structure is where gas exchange with the pulmonary capillaries occur

1. Type I Alveolar Cells - main site of gas exchange (simple squamous epithelial cells)

2. Type II Alveolar Cells - secrete alveolar fluid for lubrication (rounded/cuboidal epithelial cells)

each wall of the alveoli consists of two types of epithelial cells called:

Pulmonary Ventilation

this is simply known as “breathing”, which is the flow of air into and out of the lungs

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: in pulmonary ventilation, air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of the alternating pressures created by contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles

Boyle’s Law

states that the pressure of a gas increases as its volume decreases, assuming constant mass and temperature

P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂

the formula for Boyle’s Law

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: before each inhalation, the air pressure in the lungs is equal to 1 atmospheric pressure (1 atm), and exhalation occurs because of a pressure gradient

1. Diaphragm

2. Intercostal Muscles (external [inspiration] and internal [expiration])

3. Accessory Muscles (forced breathing)

the muscles of respiration are:

Diaphragm

this is the main muscle of breathing; it is a dome-shaped skeletal muscle located in the trunk

Intercostal Muscles

these muscles connect each rib to neighboring structures and are a part of the thoracic wall

External Intercostal Muscles

these muscles flex your ribcage by contracting using two different movements called the “bucket handle movement” and the “pump handle movement”

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the bucket handle movement elevates the rib cage, making it flare out side-to-side, which increases the thoracic cavity volume

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the pump handle movement raises the sternum forward and upward

Internal Intercostal Muscles

these muscles depress the thoracic cavity, reducing thoracic cavity volume during expiration

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: during quiet (unlabored) breathing, we use only the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, but during forced (labored) breathing, we also employ our accessory muscles

_(SSPPUSL)

the different accessory muscles:

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: we use the same muscles for inspiration and expiration—the difference being that during inspiration, these muscles contract, but during expiration, these muscles relax

the different modified breathing movements: