apush unit 1 flashcards - native america

Beringia Theory

Native Americans came to Americas over Bering Strait land bridge from Eurasia in multiple waves, following herds of animals

Environmental determinism

geographical features determined how Native American civilizations were developed

Atlantic basin

region of the globe bordering the Atlantic

Hernando de Soto

first European to discover Mississippi River

Fransisco Coronado

explored and claimed New Mexico

St. Augustine

first permanent European settlement in present-day US

Mestizos

mixed race Spanish and Indian people

Enclosure movement

• caused world demands for wool to increase

• one motivation for colonization

charter concept

• official permission to form a company given by the king

• goal of the company is to build wealth for stockholders through trade and colonies

lithic period (14,000-8,500 BCE)

• stone age

• hunter/gather subsistence economy

• clovis culture

  • clovis tip spears

  • tattoos

  • climate change, over-hunting, and population increase leads to lack of food and extinction

Archaic period (8,000-1,000 BCE)

• start of substantial archaeological record

• early forms of currency, but still hunter gatherer

• cultural developments

  • mound building

  • pottery

  • basket weaving

classical period (1,000 BCE-1690s)

• development of variety of cultures across America

  • impossible to generalize

  • emphasized needs of community over individuals

• environment determines certain technological advancements

Inca

• andes mountains

• terrace farming, road networks

Maya

• tropical region

• irrigation, sedentary farming, growing season calandar

Aztec

• king - Montezeuma

• Sun god - Quetzalcoatl

• swampy area

• medical knowledge, administrative and educational systems

inuit

• frozen tundra

• hunting and fishing technology

pacific northwest

• woodland coasts

• hunting, fishing, gathering

Vinland

• unsuccessful colony founded by Norsemen on Newfoundland

  • poor relations with Natives, violent

European motivations for exploration

• Find new route to China

• extract gold and slaves from North Africa

• use navigational improvements

portugal

• controls Atlantic slave trade

• Vasco de Gama and Barolomew Dias

  • sail around Africa for new route to India

• Pedro Cabral

  • discovers coast of Brazil

Spanish motivations for exploration

• powerful after reconquista

  • join forces with Asians to destroy Islam

• wealth

Columbus

• incorrect assumptions about size of the world

• used Catholicism as an excuse to explore to gain Spain’s support

  • primarily motivated by wealth

Balboa

• Spanish

• first European to see Pacific ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

• Spanish

• circumnavigated globe

conquistadors

• either exterminated or subjugated people of the areas they conquered

• wanted to become viceroy

  • keep what is conquered

• Hernan Cortes

  • conquered Aztecs

• Pizzaro

  • conquered Inca

encomiendas

• license to collect taxes from Natives

• similar system previously used in Spain

  • no help given to Natives in return for taxes

Presidios

• military base used to govern colony

• similar system previously used in Spain

Dutch colonization

• prioritized trading for furs on Hudson River

• became hostile with Natives after expansion

French colonization

• small, isolated trading posts

• undisturbed land to keep relations with natives positive

• missionaries

English colonization

• saw natural resources as source of wealth

• wanted to create colonies to fill with settlers

Pueblo revolt (1680)

• caused by mistreatment and excessive taxes

• nearly destroyed Spanish colony in Santa Fe

• caused changes in Spanish control

  • stopped encomienda (turn towards chattel)

  • native population slowly assimilated to Catholicism

Treaty of Tordesillas (1497)

• divides discovered land between Spain and Portugal

  • Portugal - coastal Atlantic empire

  • Spain - intercontinental empire

cultural conflicts - religious dilemmas

• bible did not record creation of Natives

• polytheism vs. monotheism

• practice of sacrifice and cannibalism

cultural conflicts - warfare

• natives - smaller wars, capture slaves

• Europeans - kill as many as possible

cultural conflicts - gender roles

• natives - women farm, own move able property, have leadership roles

  • power and property is matrilineal

• Europeans - women seen as ornaments in renaissance

chattel slavery

• owning of people as property

• Atlantic slave trade

• agricultural applications

• lasts entire life, children born into it

indentured servitude

• used in Africa

• fixed period (usually prison term or war slave)

• not segregated

• children accepted into society

• lacked cruelty

colombian exchange - Europe to Americas

• sugar, bananas

  • used as cash crops on plantations

• horses

  • revolutionize life for great plains tribes

• disease

colombian exchange - Americas to Europe

• agricultural techniques

• corn (Africa), potatoes (Europe)

  • sustainable food sources that lead to population growth and eventually migration to Americas (either as colonists or slaves)