Lexicology

What are adjectives?

- Adjectives are describing words - They modify nouns - They give info about colour, size, shape etc.

What are the types of Adjectives?

Attributive Adjective and Predicative Adjective

What's an attribute adjective?

- Part of a noun phrase (Eg. "scary monster", "enormous house")

What is a predicative adjective?

- Follow a verb Eg. "She was delighted"", "The giraffe is hungry"

What are the forms of adjectives?

Comparative Form and Superlative Form

What is a comparative form adjective?

Eg. "the taller man", "the cheaper option" (compares)

What is a superlative form adjective?

- Eg. "The prettiest flower", "The largest animal" (the 'best')

What are modifiers?

- Words from other word classes 'acting' as adjectives
- Eg. ""A hanging thread"" (Verbs as adjective) ""The house rules"" (Noun as adjective)

What are adverbs?

Adverbs modify verbs, adjective or other adverbs.

What are circumstance adverbs?

They modify verbs and add info on time (""We'll be arriving soon""), frequency (""He often leaves""), place (""Let's stop here""), manner (""she wrote quickly"")

What are degree adverbs?

Modify adjectives or adverbs and add info about how much or how little. E.g. ""I'm so hungry"", ""The pizza is very good"", ""It's quite cold today""

What are sentence adverbs?

Modify whole sentences, giving context or expressing writer's attitudes. Eg. ""Firstly, I would like to thank..."", ""Surely you can see it"", ""I'm not happy about it, though""

Probaility Adverb

""I'll probably take the train.""

Certainty Adverb

""He's definitely last""

Hedging Adverb

""I'll just be a minute""

What are the different types/forms of adjectives?

Attributive adj., Predicative adj., Comparative form adj., Superlative form adj., Modifiers

What are the different types of adverbs?

Circumstance adverb, Degree adverb, Sentence adverb, Probability adverb, Certainity adverb, Hedging adverb

What does a circumstance adverb add information on?

- Time (""soon"") - Frequency (""often"") - Place (""here"") - Manner (""quickly"")

What is special about adverbs in a sentence?

Adverbs can be placed in different positions without changing the meaning of a sentence. Eg. ""He slowly raised his hands"", ""Slowly he raised his hands"", ""He raised his hands slowly""

How do you differ between an adjective or adverb?

- They both have the same function (add detail to sentences) - Adjectives modify NOUNS - Adverbs modify VERBS, ADJ. or other ADVERBS

What is Aspect?

Indicates if an action is completed or ongoing.

What are the types of aspect?

Perfect aspect, Progressive Aspect, Perfect Progressive Aspect, Simple

What is a perfect aspect?

Describes a completed action Eg. ""I had eaten lunch""

What is a progressive aspect?

Describes an ongoing action Eg. ""We are studying history""

What is perfect progressive?

Perfect aspect and Progressive aspect combined Eg. ""They had been waiting for a long time""

What is Simple?

There is no aspect Eg. ""I always arrive on time""

What are determiners?

Determiners come before nouns and indicate a point of reference.

What are the types of determiners?

Articles, Demonstrative, Possessive, Quantifier, Indefinite Determiners

What is an Indefinite article?

- General - ""a"", ""an"" Eg. ""a book"", ""an article""

What is a Definite article?

- Specific - ""the"" Eg. ""the book""

What is a demonstrative determiner?

A demonstrative determiner distinguishes one item from another. Eg. ""this chair"", ""that table""

What is a possessive determiner?

- Shows possession Eg. ""my hat"", ""their things""

What is a quantifier determiner?

Indicates quantity Eg. ""several years"", ""few options""

What are indefinite determiners?

Unspecified/Unquantified things. Eg. ""every animal"", ""More homework"", ""Some effort""

How to choose whether it's a Pronoun or Determiner?

- Look at the place in their sentence Eg. ""Give me that book."" ('that' is modifying 'book', so it's a determiner) Eg. ""Give me that."" ('that' is replacing a noun phrase, so it's a pronoun)

What are the types of articles?

Indefinite article and Definite article

What are nouns?

The names of people, places and things

What are the categories of nouns?

Common noun, Proper noun, Concrete noun, Abstract noun, Count noun, Noncount noun

What is a common noun?

Common nouns describe general types of people places and things. Eg. ""girl"", ""river"", ""chair""

What is a proper noun?

A proper noun refers to specific places, people or objects Eg. ""Albert Einstein"", ""Eiffel Tower"", ""Melbourne""

What is a concrete noun?

A concrete noun can be physically observed (using 5 senses), Eg. ""table"", ""whisper"", ""wind""

What is an abstract noun?

An abstract noun describes intangible things/concepts. Eg. ""freedom"", ""happiness"", ""clarity""

What is a count noun?

A count noun can be pluralised Eg. (monkeys, obstacles, questions)

What is a noncount noun?

A noncount noun is always singular Eg. (news, information, money)

What makes nouns to be changed?

Plurals and Possession can change nouns

What is Plurality in nouns?

Indicated by adding 's', 'es', or 'ies' Eg. (students, churches)

What is a Posession (for a noun)?

Indicated by an apostrophe Eg. ""The dog's""

What are collective nouns?

Collective nouns are pluralised nouns that are grouped (Eg. pack of flies, school of fish)

What are pronouns?

Pronouns are used in place of nouns

What are the types of pronouns?

Personal pronoun, Relative pronoun, Possessive pronoun, Reflexive pronoun, Interrogative pronoun, Indefinite pronoun, Demonstrative pronoun

What is a personal pronoun?

'me', 'it', 'her', 'they', 'you' Subject position ('I', 'she', 'we') Object position ('me', 'her', 'us')

What is a relative pronoun?

'who', 'where', 'which' Eg. ""The woman who called yesterday"")

What is a possessive pronoun?

""his"", ""mine"", ""yours"" (show possession)

What is a reflexive pronoun?

""myself"", ""themselves""

What is an interrogative pronoun?

Used to ask questions Eg. ""Who are you calling?""

What is an indefinite pronoun?

""all"", ""both"", ""nobody"", ""anything""

What is a demonstrative pronoun?

""this"", ""that""

What is Tense?

Tense refers to time - There are 2 tenses (Past and Present) (There is no future tense in English) Eg. ""I lived in Melbourne"" = Past tense ""I live in Melbourne"" = Present tense

What does English use to represent the future tense?

We use different classes to represent the 'future tense' Eg. ""the movies starts later"", ""I am having dinner later"", ""I will be late""

What is Voice?

Voice is comprised of verbs that can make sentences Active or Passive.

What is an Active voice?

Subject of the sentence does the action Eg. ""the dog chased the cat""

What is the Passive voice?

Subject undergoes the action of the verb ""The cat was chased by the dog""

What is an agent?

In a passive sentence, the thing performing the action is the agent.

What is an Agentless passive sentence?

When an agent is removed from a sentence, an agentless passive sentence is created Eg. ""Mistakes were made"" (there is no agent in the sentence)

What are verbs?

Verbs are morphologically complex Change depending on tense, number and who's doing the action Eg. ""the mouse eats cheese"" ""the mouse ate cheese"" ""the mice are eating cheese""

What are the types of verbs?

Infinitive verb, Regular verb, Irregular verb, Lexical verb, Auxiliary verb, Modal verb

What is an Infinitive verb?

The complete form of the verb Made up of 2 categories: Full Infinitive and Bare Infinitive

What is the full infinitive verb?

Base form of verb Eg. ""to sleep"", ""to dream""

What is the bare infinitive verb?

""sleep"", ""dream"" (without the 'to')

What is a regular verb?

Follow a morphological pattern Eg. I walk, she walks, they walked, we walked

What is an irregular verb?

Irregular pattern Eg. I fly, she flies, they flew, we have flown.

What is a lexical verb?

Called 'main verbs' Carry meaning Eg. ""I finished eating my lunch"", ""They watched TV""

What is an auxiliary verb?

An auxiliary verb supports a lexical verb Gives information on tense, aspect, voice or modality Usually from the infinitive ""to be"" or ""to have"" Eg. ""I have finished the work"", ""I was tired""

What is a modal verb?

Class of auxiliary verbs They express: - Probability (""It might rain"") - Obligation (""You must do that"") -Requests (""May I have that?"") - Ability (""He can run"") - Advice (""You should go there"")

What are the different types of things modal verbs express?

Probability, Obligation, Requests, Advice, Ability

What should modal verbs never do?

Modal verbs can never be inflected (Eg. should, NOT shoulds)

What are Prepositions?

Prepositions indicate the relationship between words. Eg. ""The end of the world"", ""scones with jam and cream""

What are some common words used as prepositions?

of, for, with, on, in, under, to

What are conjunctions?

Conjunctions join words, phrases or clauses to make compound/complex sentences.

What are the types of Conjunctions?

Coordinating conjunction, Correlative conjunction, Subordinating conjuction

What is a coordinating conjunction?

A coordinating conjunction joins items of equal grammatical weight. Eg. ""I am both flabbergasted and annoyed."" Memorise using menmonic 'FANBOYS' (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

What mnemonic is used for which conjunction?

For coordinating conjuctions, the mnemonic 'FANBOYS' can be used. (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

What is a correlative conjunction?

A correlative conjunction comes in pairs and works together. Eg. ""Neither she nor her brother enjoyed the dinner."" ""Either he goes or I do.""

What is a subordinating conjunction?

A subordinating conjunction shows a relationship between clauses. Eg. ""I have eaten at that restaurant before."" Example words: ""that, unless, until, before, after, if, although, where)

What are some common words used as subordinating conjunctions?

that, unless, until , before, after, if, although, where

What are Interjections?

Interjections are words or phrases that occur on their own and express a spontaneous reaction. Eg. ""Really!"", ""Ouch!"", ""Congratulations!"", ""Yay!"", ""Argghhh!"" - Interjections may not be a word class.

What is a distributive adjective?

References each individual within a group separatley. (Common words: Each, every, either, neither) Eg. Each student needs a test.