AP language and composition: fallacy and Cognitive Bias

fuck it im doomed

Fallacy: Hasty Generalizations

Base an argument on insufficient evidence. Writers may draw conclusions too quickly, not considering the whole issue. They may look only at a small group as representative of the whole or may look only at a small piece of the issue.

Cognitive Bias: Hindsight

(after this, therefore also this) arguments, or post hoc for short, assume a faulty causal relationship. One event following another in time does not mean that the first event caused the later event. Writers must be able to prove that one event caused another event and did not simply follow in time. Because the cause is often in question in this fallacy, we sometimes call it a false cause fallacy.

Fallacy: Begging the Question (or circular logic)

Happens when the writer presents an arguable point as a fact that supports the argument. This error leads to an argument that goes around and around, with evidence making the same claim as the proposition. Because it is much easier to make a claim than to support it, many writers fall into this trap.

Fallacy: Bandwagon Appeals

Group Think

Try ingto get everyone on board. Writers who use this approach try to convince readers that everyone else believes something, so the reader should also. The fact that a lot of people believe it does not make it so.

Fallacy: False Authority

a tactic used by many writers, especially in advertising. An authority in one field may know nothing of another

field.

Cognitive Bias: Stereotyping

Base an argument on insufficient evidence. Writers may draw conclusions too quickly, not considering the whole issue. They may look only at a small group as representative of the whole or may look only at a small piece of the issue.

Cognitive BiasHalo Effect

a tactic used by many writers, especially in advertising. An authority in one field may know nothing of another

field.

Fallacy: Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

(after this, therefore also this) arguments, or post hoc for short, assume a faulty causal relationship. One event following another in time does not mean that the first event caused the later event. Writers must be able to prove that one event caused another event and did not simply follow in time. Because the cause is often in question in this fallacy, we sometimes call it a false cause fallacy.