[PRELIMS] MICROBIOLOGY - LEC

Microbiology

It is the study of all living organism that are too small to be visible with naked eye.

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Viruses

• Fungi

• Prions

• Protozoa

• Algae

What are the 7 major groups of microorganisms, collectively known as “microbes”?

Pathogens

These are disease causing microorganisms (3%).

3%

How many percentage are the disease causing pathogens?

Non-pathogens

These are microorganisms that do not cause disease (majority).

Opportunistic Pathogens

These pathogens has potential to cause infections when they are in the wrong place at the right time (10%).

Eukaryotes

These are organisms having a true nucleus.

Algae, Fungi, and Protozoa

What are the example of eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes

These are organisms that do not have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria and Archaea

What are the example of prokaryotes?

Indigenous microbiota

Indigenous Microflora is also known as?

Indigenous Microflora

This inhibit the growth of pathogens in those areas of the body where they live.

• Occupying space

• Depleting the food supply

• Secretes materials (waste products, toxins)

Why is Indigenous Microflora (Indigenous microbiota) important?

Normal Flora

What is the Indigenous Microflora of Humans?

Normal Flora

The microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) that reside on and within a person is sometimes referred to as our?

Between 500 and 1,000

Our indigenous microflora is composed of how many different species?

False

True of False

A fetus has indigenous microflora.

• Skin

• Body openings

• Mucous membranes

What part of the baby does both harmless and helpful microbes take up residence?

Opportunistic Pathogens

These are organisms that colonizes or inhabit our bodies.

Photosynthesis

Some microorganisms produce oxygen by what process?

Algae and Cyanobacteria

What microorganisms undergo photosynthesis?

Decomposers or Saprophytes

These are organisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter, converts them into nitrates and phosphates for the growth of plants.

Nitrates and Phosphates

Decomposers or Saprophytes convers dead or decaying organic matter into?

Bacteria and Fungi

What are some examples of saprophytes?

Algae

A simple nonflowering plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms.

Chlorophyll

Algae contains this green pigment but lack true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.

Cyanobacteria

Any of a major group of photosynthetic bacteria that produce molecular oxygen and use water as an electron-donating substrate in photosynthesis — also called as blue-green alga.

Cyanobacteria

This is also known as blue-green alga.

Cyanobacteria

This bacteria produces molecular oxygen and use water as an electron-donating substrate in photosynthesis.

Molecular-oxygen

What does a cyanobacteria produces?

Water

What does a cyanobacteria uses as an electron-donating substrate in photosynthesis?

Saprophyte

An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that lives on and gets its nourishment from dead organisms or decaying organic material.

Saprophyte

This organism recycles organic material in the soil, breaking it down into in simpler compounds that can be taken up by other organisms.

Microbial Ecology

A relationship between microbes and the environment.

Nitrogen Cycle

Elemental Cycle

Bacteria converts nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia in the soil and then the soil bacteria converts ammonia to nitrates then into nitrogen gas.

Bioremediation

Microorganisms are capable of decomposing industrial waste (oil spills).

Food Chain

An example of this linear sequence of organisms is an algae and bacteria serves as food for tiny animals.

Plankton

Microorganisms in the ocean serves as the starting point of many food chains.

Phytoplankton

These are marine plants. An example is algae.

Zooplankton

These are tiny marine animals.

Biotechnology

Microorganisms are essential in various food and beverage industries.

Antibiotics

Effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms.

Example: Bacteria and Fungi

Escherichia coli

It is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia, that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.

Genetic Engineering

A gene from one organism.

Example: Bacteria is inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell, the cell that receives the new gene can now produce whatever products is coded for the genes.

(Insulin, growth hormone, interferon)

Cell Models

A cellular model is a mathematical model of aspects of a biological cell, for the purposes of in silico research.

Silico Research

This is part of the cell cycle.

• Infectious disease

• Microbial intoxication

What are the two categories of disease caused by microorganisms?

Infectious Disease

Category of Disease

A pathogen colonizes a person’s body.

Microbial Intoxication

Category Disease

A pathogen produces a toxin in vitro and the person ingests this toxin.

Parasitology

Organism that lives on or in another living organism.

Parasitology

Studies this microorganisms and their life cycles.

Example: Parasitic protozoa, parasitic worms (helminths), and arthropods

Sanitary Microbiology

Processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes. Purification and processing of water supplies.

Veterinary Microbiology

Zoonoses or zoonotic disease are infectious diseases of humans that are acquired from animal sources.

Example: Rabies

Germ Theory of Disease

This theory states that the specific microorganisms cause specific infectious diseases.

Germ Theory

In medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen.

Biological Theory of Fermentation

That a specific microbe produce a specific change in a substance it grows.

Biological Theory of Fermentation

That a specific microorganisms produces a specific fermentation product.

Nightingale

Modern nursing techniques that reduce the spread of disease.

Koch

The man who proved the germ theory of disease using laboratory procedures and a list of postulates.

Pasteur

The chemist who stated the biological theory of fermentation, the germ theory of disease and who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.

Semmelweis

The physician who demonstrated the effectiveness of handwashing in reducing infections following childbirth.

Leeuwenhoek

“The Father of Microbiology” who first described the living microorganisms.

Fracastorius

The physician who described the transmission of diseases in 1546.

Janssen

He built the early compound microscope.

Tyndall

The process of boiling and cooling repeatedly to destroy spores.

Louis Pasteur

a. Biological Theory of Fermentation

b. He introduced the term aerobes and anaerobes

Pasteurization

This process can be used to kill pathogens by heating liquids to 55 degrees centigrade and holding it at that temperature for several minutes.

Robert Hooke

He explored various living and non living matters with his own version of compound microscope.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

He used a simple microscope of his own design to observe bacteria and protozoa.

Robert Hooke

His greatest legacy is his contribution to cell theory.

Robert Hooke

Who’s the first person to view cells under a microscope.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

He is the somewhat improbable father of microbiology.

• A moderately educated owner of a textile business, he learned how to make his own unique microscopes which offered unparalleled magnification.

Zaccharias Janssen

A Dutch spectacle maker, invents the first compound microscope.

Girolamo Fracastoro

Suggests that invisible living organism may be involved in the diseases.

Zacharias Janssen

A Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg associated with the invention of the first optical telescope. He is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly compound microscope.

The British medical journal Lancet called Girolamo Fracastoro

The physician who did most to spread knowledge of the origin, clinical details and available treatments of [the sexually-transmitted disease syphilis] throughout a troubled Europe".

Francesco Redi

Gained fame for his controlled experiments. One set of experiments refuted the popular notion of spontaneous generation—a belief that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.

Francesco Redi

Has been called the "Father of Modern Parasitology" and the "Founder of Experimental Biology".

Francesco Redi

Spontaneous generation, the theory that life forms can be generated from inanimate objects, had been around since at least the time of Aristotle.

Lazzaro Spallanzani

He was an Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions, animal reproduction, and animal echolocation.

Edward Jenner

Introduces a vaccination for small pox; Father of Immunology.

Theodor Schwann and Mathias Schleiden

Formalized that living things are composed of cell.

Louis Pasteur

Shows that fermentations are due to microorganisms and originates the process known as pasteurization.

Rudolf Virchow

Introduces the concept that all cells originate from pre-existing cell.

Louis Pasteur

French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.

Rudolf Virchow

He was an eminent pathologist and politician, widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential physicians in history.

Rudolf Virchow

A founding father of both pathology and social medicine. He analyzed the effects of disease in various organs and tissues of the human body.

Rudolf Virchow

He identified that diseases are caused by malfunctioning cell.

Joseph Lister

The surgeon who introduced new principles of cleanliness which transformed surgical practice in the late 1800s. We take it for granted that a surgeon will guard a patient's safety by using aseptic method.

Johann Friedrich Miescher

Discovered a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus. The substance, first named nuclein because it seemed to come from cell nuclei, became known as nucleic acid after 1874, when Miescher separated it into protein and acid components. It is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Roger Bacon

Magnifying glass was first discovered by?

Roger Bacon

He is known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "wonderful teacher"), he was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed an emphasis on empiricism.

Robert Koch

He is known for his role in identifying causative agent of tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax and giving experimental support for concept of various diseases.

Hans Christian Gram

Devices the Gram stain technique for differentiating bacteria.

August Wasserman

Developed the first serologic test for syphilis.

Paul Erhlich

Becomes the pioneer in chemotherapy by developing salvarsan to treat syphilis.

August von Wasserman

Discovered a blood serum test that enabled physicians to determine if a patient has syphilis, a potentially lethal disease which, in some persons, has a long latency period during which no symptoms are detectable.

Paul Ehrlich

German Jewish physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Paul Ehrlich

He invented the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria.

Francis Rous

Discovers viruses that can induce cancer.