chapter 4 vocab quiz

republic

a state in which political power is held by representatives of the people rather than a monarch.

warlord

regional chieftains who led private armies and completed with each other for control over territory

dynasty

a line of hereditary rulers of a country

purge

Latin word purgare, means to purify. means to remove people who are considered undesirable or harmful.

boxer rebellion

a violent uprising in China from 1899-1901 that targeted foreigner and Chinese Christmas.

a violent anti-foreigner and anti-Christian uprising in China, led by a secret society called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (nicknamed the “Boxers”). It was fueled by resentment towards foreign influence, Christian missionaries, and imperialist control over China.

sun yat-sen

became a professional revolutionary, touring Europe and the US to raise funds for the save China league risking imprisonment and possible execution, he returned to China several times to campaign for a revolution against the Manchu dynasty, but he was in the USA when the revolution finally took place in 1911.

yuan shi-kai

A warlord and a general in the Chinese army. He gained considerable influence within the Manchu dynasty helping to defend it against revolution.

became president of the republic of China but was forced to resign when he lost the support of the army in 1915. he died shortly afterwards.

beiyang army

the imperial Chinese army established by the Manchu dynasty in the 19th century.

kuomintang

A Chinese political party, sometimes known as the nationalist party of China, formed after the Wunchang uprising in 1911. founded by sun yet-sen and sung chiao-jen

military dictator

someone whose total control over a country’s affairs is made possible by personal control over the armed forces.

twenty-one demands

Japan considerable influence over China’s affairs and to many Chinese it appeared that Yun’s government was just as weak as that of the Manchu dynasty in confronting foreign interference.

peasant

Agricultural laborers and (usually small-scale) farmers

new culture movement

Participants criticized many aspects of traditional Chines society, in favor of new formulations of Chines culture informed by modern ideals of mas political participation.

manifesto

A written statement of beliefs aims and policies of a person or group of people. Political parties, for example, publish _ prior to an election.

may the fourth movement

5000 students gathered in the streets of Peking chanting nationalist slogans. protested.

chinese communist Party

funding and sale ruling party of the people’s republic of China.

chiang kai-shek

received military training in Japan prior to the WW1. ordered nationalist, he joined the KMT and quickly became influential. was charged with developing the KMT’s military capabilities. He emerged as a leader of the KMT follow Sun-Yat-Sen.

the 3 principles

nationalism, democracy, social, and economic reform. Copied theory based on Sun Yat-sen’s political philosophy.

northern expedition

campaign’s purpose is to reunify China.

mercenary

A soldier who joins an army purely for money rather than to support a cause.

insurrection

An organized and violent attempt to overthrow those in a position of authority.

martial law

the imposition of direct military control over civilian affairs in response to a temporary emergency.

mao zedong

was exposed to Marxist political philosophy became a communist convinced that China’s future lay in the hands of the peasants and working classes. became convinced that China could follow a familiar path.

the long march

A military retreat by the CCP to escape the nationalist forces during the Chinese civil war.

(Running for their lives from murders)

xian incident

A political crisis in China in 1936 that involved the capture of the nationalist leader (Chiang). took place at the Huiqing led complex in Shanxi.

Japanese troops in Manchuria fearing Chiang’s unification attempts urge Japanese government to seize full control.

puppet state

A state that is nominally independent but actually under the control of another state.

penal system

the punishments which people receive for breaking the law as defined in the legal system.

eight points of attention

A set of guidelines that were issued by Mao Zedong for the Chines people’s liberation army in 1947. No harming of peasants or likelihood.

proletarian

members of a society whose possession of significant economic value is their labor power. Social class of wage-earners.

rectification movement

first ideological mass movement initiated by the CCP. Took place at the CCP base at Yan’an

• Began as a study campaign where CCP members read and commented on Mao’s ideas.

• Critics were accused of ‘individualism’, arrested, or forced into public humiliation (e.g., Wang Ming).

• Under Kang Sheng, it became a purge—opponents were tortured, accused of spying, and forced to commit suicide.

• Up to 10,000 people may have died.

• Mao ended the movement in 1944, blaming excessive violence on local officials, but by then, he had eliminated rivals and secured power.

diet

A national assembly, the lower house of Japanese parliament, which sat in 1940.

inukai tsuyoshi

A Japanese stateman who was prime minister of Japan from 1931 to his assassination in 1932. which marked the end of party participation in the Japanese Government in the period preceding WW2.

kwantung army

a general army of the imperial Japanese army from 1919-1945. was formed in 1906 as a security force for the _leased territory and south Manchurian

emperor hirohito

the emperor of Japan. He presided over the invasion of China, the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and eventually, the Japanese surrender to the allies.

admiral makoto saito

A Japanese naval officer and stateman who was prime minister of Japan and twice governal-general of Korea.

second sino-japanese war

war between the republic of China and the empire of Japan between 1937-45. Considered part of WW2.

• Japan, now a powerful empire, wanted to expand into China’s resource-rich territories.

• Tensions escalated after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) near Beijing, leading to full-scale war.

General hideki tojo

Japanese stateman, general and prime minister. leadership marked by widespread state of violence and mass killing’s perpetrated in the name of Japanese nationalism. known for ordering the attack on Pearl Harbor and his role in Japan’s military dictatorship.

pre-emptive strike

a military attack on an enemy in response to a threat of attack.

marco polo bridge incident

a battle between Chinese and Japan troops that took place on July 7, 1937. This marked the beginning of the 2nd Sino-Japanese war. A small Japanese force demanded entry to the walled town of warping to search for a missing soldier.