Summative test gen chem

is a homogeneous part of the system in contact with other parts

of the system but separated from them by a well-defined boundary.

Phase

are attractive forces between

molecules.

Intermolecular forces

hold atoms

together in a molecule.

intramolecular forces

primarily responsible

for the bulk properties of matter (for example, melting

point and boiling point).

intermolecular forces

responsible for the nonideal

behavior of gases.

intermolecular forces

intermolecular forces exert even more influence in the __________________

condensed phases of matter (liquid and solid)

Chemists commonly refer intermolecular forces to as ___________

van der waals

attractive forces between

polar molecules

dipole-dipole moment

in dipole-dipole forces, what is happening between moelcules

possess dipole moments.

what is the origin of dipole-dipole forces

electrostatic

dipole-dipole forces can be understood by _________

Coulomb’s Law

in dipole-dipole forces, the larger the dipole moments ___________

the greater the force

______________ is a particularly strong type of

dipole-dipole interaction.

hydrogen bonding

attract an ion (either a cation or an

anion) and a polar molecule to each other.

ion-dipole forces

attractive forces that arise as a result

of temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules.

dispersion forces/london forces

Dispersion forces are also called

london forces

The attractive interaction between an ion and the

induced dipole is called

ion-induced dipole interaction

is the amount of energy required to

stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

surface tension

A measure of the elastic force in the surface of a liquid.

surface tension

Because of hydrogen bonding, ___________has a

considerably greater surface tension than most other

liquids.

water

what is an example of surface tension

capillary action

It is the tendency of a liquid to rise in a narrow

tubes or to be drawn into small openings.

capillary action

capillary action is also known as _______

capillarity

a result of

intermolecular attraction between the liquid and

solid material.

capillarity

what are the 2 types of capillary action

1. Cohesion

2. Adhesion

is the intermolecular attraction

between like molecules.

Cohesion

is an attraction between unlike molecules.

adhesion

When adhesion is greater than cohesion, the liquid (for example, water) ______ in the capillary tube.

rises

When cohesion is greater than adhesion, as it is for mercury, a ________ of the liquid in

the capillary tube results.

depression

is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

viscosity

The greater the viscosity, the more _____ the liquid

flows.

slowly

basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid.

unit cell

Lack a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.

amorphous solids

commonly refers to an optically transparent fusion

product of inorganic materials that has cooled to a rigid

state without crystallizing.

glass

the substance that does the dissolving

solvent

the substance that is being dissolved

solute

contains the maximum amount of a

solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific

temperature.

saturated solution

contains less solute than it has the

capacity to dissolve.

unsaturated solution

contains more solute than is present

in a saturated solution.

supersaturated solution

If the solute-solvent attraction is stronger than the solvent-solvent attraction

and solute-solute attraction, the solution process is favorable, or

exothermic

If the solute-solvent interaction is weaker than the solvent-solvent and

solute-solute interactions, then the solution process is

endothermic

is the separation of a mixture of

substances into pure components on the basis of their differing

solubilities.

Fractional Crystallization

external pressure has no

influence on the solubilities of liquids and solids, but it does

greatly affect the solubility of

gases

The quantitative relationship between gas solubility and

pressure is given by

henry’s law

If two solutions are of unequal osmotic pressures, the more concentrated

solution is said to be

hypertonic

If two solutions are of equal concentration and, hence, have the same

osmotic pressure, they are said to be

isotonic

dispersion of particles of one substance (the

dispersed phase) throughout a dispersing medium made of

another substance.

colloids

One way to distinguish a solution from a

colloid is by the

tyndall effect

is usually defined as the capacity to do

work.

energy

directed energy change

resulting from a process.

work

is the energy produced by a moving object

kinetic energy

comes from the sun and is

Earth’s primary energy source.

radiant energy

is the energy associated with the random

motion of atoms and molecules.

thermal energy

stored within the structural units of

chemical substances; its quantity is determined by the type and

arrangement of constituent atoms.

chemical energy

is energy available by virtue of an object’s

position.

potential energy

states that the total quantity of energy in the

universe is assumed constant.

law of conservation energy