✅[D] CONCRETE AND ADHESIVES

Cement, Aggregate, Water

What is concrete made of?

Cement

A powder material which when combined with water possesses adhesive and cohesive properties; Type of binder that hardens in place

Aggregates

Inert granular material such as sand and gravel which when mix with cement and water result in concrete

Water

Combines with cement to form a paste, which coats and surround the inert particles of aggregates and upon hardening, binds the entire mass together

Concrete

A plastic mass which can be cast, molded, or formed into predetermined size or shape; Becomes stone-like in strength upon hydration

Setting

What is the hardening of concrete called?

Mortar, Stucco, or Cement Plaster

What is produce when mixed with water and fine aggregate of less than 6mm are combined?

Concrete

What is produced when water, fine aggregate, and a large aggregate of more than 6mm in size are combined?

Plain or Mass Concrete

What is the product called when concrete is made without reinforcement?

Reinforced Concrete

Concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces

Cement

A calcined mixture of clay and limestones, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar

Lime

A kind of cementing material made by calcination of limestone; Used by Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans

Gypsum

A kind of cementing material used by Egyptians, Greeks, and romans; Source of the word plaster; Can be more plastic if hydrated lime is added

Pozzolan Cement

A kind of cementing material first developed by the Romans; Mix of slaked lime with pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardens under water

Portland Cement

A kind of cementing material produced by heating a mixture of limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground into a fine powder?

John Aspdin

Who patented the Portland Cement in 1824?

Type I: Normal

A type of Portland Cement for general purpose commonly used for structural work, bridges, pavements, and concrete masonry units

Type II: Modified Portland Cement

A type of Portland Cement that generates less heat and at a slower rate during the hydration process; Provides moderate resistance to sulfate attack and is used in large piers and heavy abutments to minimize detrimental effects of heat and hydration

Type III: Highly Early Strength Cement

A type of Portland Cement used where high strength is desired at early periods, usually within a week or less; Used in cold weather construction to reduce time required for protection from low temperatures

Type IV: Low-heat Cement

A type of Portland Cement that generates less heat of hydration than normal Portland cement; Used in massive structures such as large gravity dams

Type V: Sulfate Resistance Cement

A type of Portland Cement that is used when high sulfate resistance attack is desired; Gains strength at a slower rate than Type I

White Portland Cement

A type of Portland Cement manufactured using selected raw materials so that the finished product will be white rather than gray; Used for decorative architectural concrete, stucco, white, or pigmented grout

Air-entraining Portland Cement

A type of Portland Cement introduced minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing; Makes the concrete more durable and lighter in color

Fine Aggregates

Aggregates that are smaller than 6mm in diameter (ex: Sand)

Coarse Aggregates

Aggregates that are larger than 6mm in diameter (ex: Gravel)

Potable

What kind of water must be used in concrete mixing?

Admixtures

Substances added to a concrete mix to alter or enhance a specific property

Air-Entraining Agents

Introduces minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing

Accelerators

Used to speed up setting time and reduces the length of time for curing and protection

Retarders

Slows down the setting of a concrete mix in order to allow more time for placing and working the mix

Reducers

Reduces water requirements of concrete for a given consistency; Also known as plasticizers

Integral Waterproofing Compound

Reduces the capillary attraction of the voids in the concrete and decreases water absorption of concrete or mortar; Does not render the concrete completely waterproof (ex: Sahara)

Colored Pigments

Used to give color to concrete floors

Reinforcing Bards

Reinforcement changes the basic strength properties of concrete and consequently its behavior as a structural material

Concrete

A material strong in handling compression forces, but very weak against tension; More durable, fireproof, and requires little maintenance

Steel

A material strong in handling both compression and tensile forces; More expensive and requires fire proofing and maintenance against rust

Water-Cement Ratio

Amount of water used per bag of cement

Less

The ________ water used in mixing, the better the quality of concrete

1:2:4

What is the standard cement-sand-gravel ratio for portioning concrete?

1

Each bag of cement is equivalent to how many cubic foot?

1×1×1 ft

What is the cubic foot measured by?

Class AA

A type of concrete for concrete under water, retaining walls; Has a ratio of 1 : 1.5 : 3

Class A

A type of concrete for suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs, walls of 100mm thickness; Has a ratio of 1 : 2 : 4

Class B

A type of concrete for walls thicker than 100mm, footings, steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill; Has a ratio of 1 : 2.5 : 5

Class C

A type of concrete for concrete plant boxes, and any non-artificial concrete structures; Has a ratio of 1 : 3 : 6

Class D

A type of concrete for mass concrete works; Has a ratio of 1 : 3.5 : 7

Adhesives

Used to secure the surface of two materials and may require a catalyst to activate their adhesive properties

Animal or Fish Glue

Also known as hide glue or protein glue; A type of adhesive derived from collagen-rich tissues of animals or fish; Primarily for indoor use where temperature and humidity do not vary greatly but may be weakened by exposure to heat or moisture

White or Polyvinyl Glue (PVA)

A type of synthetic adhesive commonly used in woodworking, crafts, and general household applications; A thermoplastic polymer that becomes adhesive when dissolved in water and forms a strong bond as the water evaporates

Stikwel (PVA)

A brand for a type of adhesive that is specifically formulated for bonding wood surfaces; A synthetic polymer that forms a strong bond when applied to wood surfaces and allowed to dry

Epoxy Resin

A type of thermosetting polymer resin valued for its strong adhesive properties, excellent chemical resistance, and durability; widely used as a structural adhesive for bonding metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites in various industries

Marine Epoxy Resin

A specialized type of epoxy resin formulated for use in marine environments; Designed to withstand the unique challenges posed by exposure to water, moisture, salt, and other harsh conditions encountered in marine applications

Resorcin Resin

A synthetic resin derived from resorcinol, a benzenediol compound; Used primarily as a bonding agent in various applications, particularly in the production of engineered wood products and high-performance adhesives

Contact Cement

A type of adhesive known for its strong and permanent bond, versatility, and ease of use; Used to secure large sheet materials such as plastic laminate

Liquid Nail

A brand of construction adhesive known for its strong bonding properties and versatility; Premium0grade, solvent-based, synthetic rubber multipurpose construction adhesive

Vinyl Adhesive

A water-based type of adhesive specifically formulated for bonding vinyl materials; Used for resilient tiles and sheets, wood parquet, linoleum and carpets

Stone Adhesive

A type of adhesive specifically formulated for bonding natural and engineered stone materials; Designed to provide a strong and durable bond for various stone applications, including countertop installation, stone veneer, stone tile, and stone repair

Tile Adhesive

A type of adhesive specifically formulated for bonding ceramic, porcelain, glass, and natural stone tiles to various substrates; Crucial component in tile installations, providing a strong and durable bond between the tiles and the underlying surface