Embalming II - Final

Tiny structures that connect arterioles to venules

Capillaries

What is the smallest and most abundant form of blood vessel in the human body?

Capillary

The movement of embalming solution from intravascular to extravascular locations:

Fluid diffusion

Steps of fluid diffusion:

Hint: There are 3 steps

1. Embalming solution passes from the capillaries to the body tissues

2. The preservatives in the embalming solution come in contact with proteins in the body cells

3. The proteins of body cells are stabilized and the body is temporarily preserved

Consists of blood, tissue fluids, lymph, and some of the arterial solution:

Drainage

As much as what % of drainage can be arterial solution?

50%

• The embalming solution that passes through the pores or walls of the capillaries and eventually embalms the cells

• Stabilizes the body proteins and brings about temporary preservation

Retained arterial solution

What happens to arterial solution that remains in the body system?

It is pushed ahead into the venules and veins and is eventually drained from the body serves only to clear the vascular system of blood and can only embalm the walls of the vascular system.

Examples of embalming physical processes:

1. Filling the arterial system by forced injection under pressure

2. Control of drainage

3. Filtration through capillaries via pressure, passive transport processes of osmosis and dialysis

Examples of embalming chemical processes:

1. The arterial fluid itself

2. Preservatives that stabilize and produce new compounds (chemical preservation, sanitation)

Resistance within the blood vessels:

Intravascular resistances

Resistance outside the blood vessels

Extravascular resistance

This is needed to overcome resistances that interfere with arterial solution distribution:

Pressurized injection

The amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within the vascular system

Injection pressure

The amount of embalming solution injected in a given period, or the speed at which the embalming solution enters the body (usually measured by ounces per minute)

Rate of flow

The pressure needed to overcome vascular resistances of the body to distribute solution to all body areas

Ideal pressure

The rate of flow needed to achieve uniform distribution without distention of tissues

Ideal rate of flow

This book suggests a rate of - gallon(s) of solution over a — to —minute period, under a pressure of — to — pounds

1 gallon

10 to 15 minute

2 to 10 pounds

What is the center of arterial distribution?

The ascending aorta and the arch of the aorta

Supplies the right side of the head and right arm

Brachiocephalic artery

Supplies the left side of the head and face

Left common carotid

Supplies the left arm:

Left subclavian artery

The process where one substance takes up another substance:

Absorption

Assimilation of gas, vapor, or dissolved matter by the surface of a solid or liquid:

Adsorption

Concentrated, preservative embalming chemical:

Arterial fluid

The in-use solution composed of the concentrated embalming fluid:

Arterial solution

The movement of arterial solution from inside the vascular system:

Arterial solution diffusion

The movement of arterial solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries:

Arterial solution distribution

Small solutes that can pass through a semi-permeable membrane:

Crystalloid

Separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane:

Dialysis

Passage of some components of the injected embalming solution from an intravascular to a extravascular location:

Diffusion

Extravascular settling of fluids by gravitational force to the dependent areas of the body:

Gravity filtration

Solution having a greater concentration of a dissolved solute then the solution with which it is compared:

Hypertonic solution

Solution having a lesser concentration of a dissolved solute then the solution with which it is compared:

Hypotonic solution

Fluid in the supporting connective tissue surrounding body cells:

Interstitial fluid

Passage of solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration:

Osmosis

Method by which solutes and/or solvents cross through a membrane with no energy provided by the cells of the membrane:

Passive transport system

Passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids by application of positive intravascular pressure:

Pressure filtration

Dilution attained as the embalming solution is mixed in the embalming machine:

Primary dilution

Leftover embalming fluid that remains within a body after the embalming process:

Retained embalming solution

Dilution of the embalming fluid by the fluids of the body, both vascular and interstitial:

Secondary dilution

Separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion:

Semipermeable membrane

Substance that is dissolved in a solution:

Solute

Liquid holding another substance in solution:

Solvent

The treatment of disease with chemical agents and drugs:

Chemotherapy

Where did the Chemotherapy Era originate from?

A.) Germ theory

B.) Magic bullet

C.) Spontaneous general

D.) Binary fission

Magic bullet

Many chemical agents are nephrotoxic and therefore can cause the breakdown of what organ function?

(Remember what organ relates with the term nephron?)

Kidney

These are the main organs responsible for elimination of nitrogenous wastes:

A.) Lungs

B.) Ovaries

C.) Kidneys

D.) Spleen and gallbladder

Kidneys

A large proportion of the formaldehyde in the embalming fluid will be — when it encounters the nitrogenous wastes in the body:

A.) Neutralized

B.) Reduced

C.) Oxidized

D.) Diluted

Neutralized

All chemotherapeutic agents are…

A.) Tasty

B.) Phagocytic

C.) Nephrotoxic

D.) Toxic

Toxic

What is the main detoxification center of the body?

A.) Heart

B.) Liver

C.) Brain

D.) Urinary bladder

Liver

What is is called when formaldehyde is neutralized?

A.) Hexamethylene

B.) Sodium phosphate

C.) Methanal

D.) Methyl glycerin

Hexamethlyene

This term means having an affinity for metallic ions:

A.) Saponification

B.) Catabolism

C.) Calcinification

D.) Chelating

Chelating

When a enzyme reacts with a substrate what does it release?

A.) Phosphate

B.) Lipids

C.) Amino acids

D.) Calcium

Phosphate

These drugs decrease the permeability of the cell membrane:

A.) Cytotoxic

B.) Kanamycin

C.) Corticosteroids

D.) Gentamicin

Corticosteroids

These drugs act directly on the tumor cells to bring about their death:

A.) Antimetabolite

B.) Cytotoxic

C.) NKCs

D.) Penicillin

Cytotoxic

These drugs substitute for an essential metabolite required by the cancer cell for growth:

A.) Growth hormone drugs

B.) Saline

C.) Heparin

D.) Antimetabolite

Antimetabolite

The average body contains how many liters of blood?

6 liters

How many liters of LIQUID is estimated to be in the average body?

41 liters

A body that was treated with antibodies may have a lot of this present:
A.) Bacteria

B.) Fungi

C.) Prions

D.) Protozoa

Fungi

A body presents small wads of greenish “cotton” in its drainage what type of medication could cause these?

A.) Tranquilizers

B.) Sedatives

C.) Antibiotics

D.) Stimulants

Antibiotics

The postmortem evacuation of any substance from any external orifice of the body as a result of pressure:

Purge

True tissue gas is caused by:

(Hint: It’s a bacteria)

Clostridium perfringens

The postmortem loss of moisture occurs as body fluids gravitate to dependent areas and the elevated regions have reduced moisture

Surface dehydration

What does HCHO do to tissues?

Dries them

When trying to contain moisture content? Should you use hypotonic or hypertonic solution?

Hypotonic

(Hypo is going to make the cells swell)

Warm water — fluid reaction

Increases or decreases?

Increase

Abnormal collection of fluid in the tissue spaces, serous cavities, or both

edema

Does edema of the cavities dilute arterial solution?

No

Does edema of the cavities dilute cavity fluid?

Yes

What injection type is recommended for edematous tissues?

Restricted cervical injection

Edema of the abdominal cavity:

Ascites

Edema present in the space between the wall of the thoracic cavity and the lungs:

Hydrothorax

Edema of the scrotum:

Hydrocele

When edematous fluid fills the cranial cavity during fetal development:

Hydrocephalous

Inner lining of the arteries:

A.) Tunica advetitia

B.) Tunica media

C.) Tunica intima

D.) Lumen

Tunica intima

This is the middle lining of the arteries:

A.) Tunica media

B.) Tunica intima

C.) Tunica adventitia

D.) Lumen

Tunica media

This is the outer lining of the arteries:

A.) Tunica media

B.) Tunica intima

C.) Tunica adventitia

D.) Lumen

Tunica adventitia

What is the cavity of the artery?

A.) Tunica media

B.) Tunica intima

C.) Tunica adventitia

D.) Lumen

Lumen

What artery is usually affected by atherosclerosis:

Femoral artery

An abnormal color in or on the skin of the human body:

Discoloration

In embalming, how are discolorations classified?

Time at which they appeared and cause

What are the two classifications of discolorations?

Antemortem and postmortem

A discoloration that was present during life and remains after death is classified as a…

Antemortem discoloration

This type of discoloration results from changes in the blood composition, content, and location

Blood discoloration

This type of discoloration is an antemortem discoloration resulting from administration of drug or chemotherapeutic agents:

Drug/therapeutic discoloration

Antemortem discolorations that occur during the course of certain diseases:

Pathological discoloration

This discoloration can be antemortem or postmortem that can occur prior to or during embalming as the result of the deposit matter on the body surface:

Surface discoloration

This is a postmortem discoloration brought about by the action of bacterial enzymes on the body tissues:

Decomposition discoloration

What color is hypostasis of the blood?

blue-black

What color is carbon monoxide poisoning?

Cherry red

When dealing with discolorations cause by drugs, these vessels breakdown and cause ecchymosis and purpura:

Capillaries

Wet gangrene brings on this color of discoloration:

red to black

Dry gangrene brings on this color of discoloration:

Dark red-brown to black

What color discoloration does Addison’s Disease bring about?

Bronze

What discoloration does leukemia bring about?

A.) Gangrene

B.) Hypostasis

C.) Petechiae

D.) Hyperemia

Petechiae

Intravascular blood discolorations respond best to what embalming treatments?

Hint: There’s two

Arterial injection and blood drainage

How long does livor mortis begin to take place?

20 minutes after death

How long does postmortem stain take to set in?

6 hours after death

What color discoloration can formaldehyde cause?

Gray