APUSH Chapter 33: FDR and the Shadow of War

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America

Tydings-McDuffie Act

Act of 1934 that offered the Philippines independence after a tutelary period of ten more years.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524)

Rome-Berlin Axis

The alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

Tripartite Act

Agreement that created an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II

Johnson Debt Default Act

1934- prohibited any loans ( including private ones) to any government that had defaulted on its World War I debts to the United States

Gerald Nye

Senator from North Dakota, headed the Nye Committee to investigate munition manufacturers. He was an instigator of 1934 Senate hearings that castigated WWI munitions manufacturers as "merchants of death"

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

United States soldiers that went to fight against Franco's coup in Spain.

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Hitler-Stalin Pact

A letter sent from Stalin to Hitler in 1939, it gave Germany the permission to wage war on Poland, meaning an agreement of neutrality between the Soviet Union and Germany.

Lebenstraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Neutrality Act of 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

"Phony War"

Period of time after the German invasion of Poland that included little military operation in Europe

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Havana Conference

U.S. warned Germany it could not take over colonies in Americas; Americans called upon Latin American countries to uphold the Monroe Doctrine in response to prevent any fascist countries to make their way across the Atlantic

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Josef Goebbels

German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945)

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

War Refugee Board

Federal agency created in 1944 to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis

Robert A. Taft

Ohio senator and Republican candidate in the 1952 presidential election who had become the foremost spokesman for domestic conservatism and for a foreign policy that his enemies branded as isolationist.

Land-Lease Bill

Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers.

"Send guns, not sons"

Roosevelt's campaign slogan when running for his third term.

"Arsenal of democracy"

Referred to America's Ability to supply its European allies with war supplies prior to the U.S. entry into WWII.

Robin Moor

Unarmed US merchant ship torpedoed and destroyed by a German U-boat outside war zone; May 1941

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

"China Incident"

Incident in which Japan invaded China, and America stood by the side and watched it happen remaining neutral.

Pearl Harbor

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941, which prompted America to enter the war.