NDT..Ch 1-3

What is the scientific study of nutrients and how the human body uses them?

Nutrition

What are the life-sustaining substances in food necessary for the growth, maintenance, and repair of body cells?

Nutrients

What term describes a person's usual pattern of food choices?

Diet

What is the application of nutrition and food information to achieve and maintain optimal health?

Dietetics

What is the total of all chemical processes that occur within living cells?

Metabolism

What classification is given to nutrient compounds that contain carbon, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins?

Organic

What classification is given to nutrients that do not contain carbon, specifically minerals and water?

Inorganic

What is a life-sustaining substance that must be supplied by food because the body cannot synthesize enough of it?

Essential Nutrient

Which nutrients, including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, does the body require in large amounts measured in grams per day?

Macronutrients

Which nutrients, specifically vitamins and minerals, does the body require in very small amounts measured in $mg$ or $\mu g$ per day?

Micronutrients

What are the substances found in plants that are not classified as nutrients but may still provide health benefits?

Phytochemicals

What are the $1,000$-calorie units used to measure and report food energy?

Kilocalories (or Calories)

What type of food choice supplies a high amount of beneficial nutrients relative to its total calorie content per serving?

Nutrient-Dense Food

What is the amount of energy a food provides relative to the physical weight of that food?

Energy Density

What are the calories derived from unhealthy solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol that are generally poor sources of vitamins?

Empty Calories (Chapter 1)

Which dietary practice involves including foods from every food group to ensure a wide intake of different nutrients?

Variety

Which dietary principle involves eating reasonable amounts of food by consuming just enough and not too much?

Moderation

What is a dietary pattern that contains a variety of nutrient-dense foods and actively limits empty calories?

Balance

What are long-term physical conditions that typically take many years to develop and are driven by complex, multi-factor causes?

Chronic Diseases

What are environmental, genetic, or lifestyle factors that increase an individual's chances of developing a chronic disease?

Risk Factors

Who is the college-trained health care professional with extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics?

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) or Registered Dietitian (RD)

What are nutritionally modified diets designed by professionals to treat or manage specific chronic health conditions?

Medical Nutrition Therapy

What state occurs when nutritional status is out of balance, representing either too much or too little of a nutrient or energy?

Malnutrition

Which form of malnutrition results from too much energy or nutrients over time and frequently leads to obesity?

Overnutrition

Which form of malnutrition results from too little energy or nutrient intake over time and is characterized by weight loss?

Undernutrition

What is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research?

Hypothesis

What is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis to determine its validity?

Experiment

What is a scientific notion supported by overwhelming evidence that could potentially be disproved in the future?

Theory

What is the evaluation process used to assess scientific research quality before it is published in a journal?

Peer Review

Which group in a controlled study receives the specific treatment being tested?

Treatment Group

Which group in a controlled study does not receive a treatment, serving as a baseline for researchers?

Control Group

What term describes experiments performed outside a living body, such as those conducted on isolated cells?

In Vitro

What term describes experiments conducted inside a living organism, such as those using animal models?

In Vivo

What is the gold standard for nutrition research where human subjects are randomly divided into treatment and control groups?

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

What is the scientific study of the occurrence, distribution, and factors contributing to health problems in populations?

Epidemiology

Which observational epidemiological studies can be retrospective or prospective in tracking health-related behaviors?

Cohort Studies

What relationship exists when two variables increase or decrease together?

Direct Correlation

What relationship exists when one variable increases while the other variable decreases?

Inverse Correlation

What are personal reports concerning the effectiveness of a treatment that are not based on scientific research?

Anecdotes

What are personal endorsements of a product that often serve as unreliable red flags for consumers?

Testimonials

What is the presentation of misleading or false information as though it were factual and scientific?

Pseudoscience

Which federal government agency protects consumers against unfair and deceptive acts or practices by businesses?

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Which online database is maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine for conducting reviews of scientific literature?

PubMed

Which niacin-deficiency disease was characterized by skin sores, weakness, diarrhea, and mental confusion in the early 1900s?

Pellagra

What is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health?

Nutrient Requirement

What level of nutrient intake supports health and works to prevent both nutrient deficiencies and toxicities?

Physiological Dose

What is a measurable substance in the body, such as in the blood, that reflects proper biological functioning?

Physiological Marker

What is the comprehensive set of energy and nutrient intake standards designed for healthy people?

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Which daily intake amount of a nutrient meets the physiological needs of $50\%$ of healthy people in a specific group?

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Which daily intake standard for vitamins and minerals meets the needs of nearly all healthy individuals ($97\%$ to $98\%$) in a group?

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Which target dietary recommendation is used when there is insufficient scientific evidence to establish an RDA?

Adequate Intake (AI)

What is the average daily calorie intake needed to maintain weight and energy balance in a healthy individual?

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

What is the highest average daily amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to pose a risk of toxicity to almost all individuals?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL or Upper Level)

What are the target intake ranges for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins expressed as percentages of total daily calories?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)

What is a food guide, such as MyPlate, that translates scientific DRIs into practical consumer-facing meal patterns?

Dietary Guidance System

What is the replacement of specific nutrients, such as iron and B vitamins, lost from refined food products during processing?

Enrichment

What is the addition of nutrients to any food, regardless of whether they were originally present, to boost nutritional value?

Fortification

Which grain products retain all three structural components of the kernel: the bran, germ, and endosperm?

Whole Grains

What is the energy supplied by solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol that generally lacks essential vitamins and minerals?

Empty Calories (Chapter 3)

What is the collective body of knowledge and values shared by a specific human group?

Culture

What is the tendency of an individual to interpret the actions of others based on the standards of their own culture?

Cultural Biases

What is the capacity of a healthcare provider to work and interact respectfully in cross-cultural situations?

Cultural Competence

Which FDA-mandated wording describes the relationship between a food substance and a reduced risk of a disease?

Health Claims

Which food label claims detail the levels of specific nutrients and must adhere to strict definitions like "low sodium"?

Nutrient Content Claims

Which label claims describe the role a nutrient plays in maintaining normal body structures but do not require FDA approval?

Structure/Function Claims

What is a product containing a vitamin, mineral, or herb intended to supplement the diet by increasing total daily intake?

Dietary Supplement