America Land I Love Chapter 22 Review

1962

When did the Supreme Court remove prayer from public schools?

ACLU

a group of lawyers who actively defended the extreme views of atheist, socialist, and Communist minorities.

Lyndon Johnson

won the Presidential election of 1964; ran against Barry M. Goldwater.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Voting Rights Act

required federal supervision of local elections. 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Fair Housing Act

prohibited discrimination in renting or selling houses. The federal law that prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, and national origin. Passed in 1968

Ku Klux Klan

white supremacist group. A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Malcolm X

the most prominent black supremacist leader of the 1960s. 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assassinated in 1965.

guerrilla warfare

the kind of warfare in which small bands of men fight hit-and-run battles with a larger army.

Viet Cong

Communist guerrillas who terrorized innocent South Vietnamese villagers, forcing men, women, and children to help them

hippies

young people who turned to drugs and immoral lifestyles; they went without bathing, wore dirty, ragged, unconventional clothing, and deliberately broke all codes of politeness or manners

Richard Nixon

won the Presidential election of 1968; the first President to resign from office. 1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign.37th U.S. President. 1969-1974 (Resigned). Republican

political environmentalists

by the 1970s they had enough support to pass laws that hurt private property owners and hindered the advance of technology

Neil Armstrong

1st person to walk on the moon; U.S. Apollo 11; July, 1969; his famous words - "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

26th Amendment

lowered the voting age from 21 years to 18 years of age

Henry Kissinger

President Nixon's National Security Adviser; negotiated the cease-fire in Vietnam. Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.

Yom Kippur War

the Israelis drove the Egyptians back and prepared to invade Egypt. (RN),, This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Arab oil embargo

because America had grown dependent on imported oil, this sent the American economy into a serious recession. After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis.

Trans Alaska Pipeline

extended from the North Slope to the southern shore of Alaska.800-mile-long pipeline system that is one of the world’s largest, over half runs above ground because it would freeze if otherwise.

wage and price controls

Nixon surprised everyone by enacting a 90 day wage and price freeze to fix the stagflation, it worked

Roe vs Wade

legalized abortion in the United States. the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right or privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

Watergate Affair

a series of scandals in 1974 involving several politicians in Washington, D.C. and even President Nixon. The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972, break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C.

Gerald Ford

became President after Nixon resigned. (1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe, and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate. 38th President

franchise

A business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area.

Jimmy Carter

the first man from the Deep South to win the Presidency since Zachary Taylor. (1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election. 39th President

solar energy

energy from the power of the sun.

Camp David Peace Accords

where President Carter persuaded the leader of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to agree to a peace treaty. Israel agreed to give the Sinai peninsula to Egypt, in exchange, Egypt would recognize Israel as a country.