Exam 4 Master Set

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observe over three hundred years ago?

He observed what he called 'wee animacules' (little animals)

What were the major causes of death at the start of the twentieth century?

Microbial infectious diseases, pneumonia, tuberculosis, gastroenteritis, and diphtheria.

What is the definition of infection?

The establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host.

What are pathogens?

Microorganisms that produce disease.

What is the incubation period?

The period during which a pathogen spreads and multiplies in the host before symptoms appear.

What is the chain of infection?

The process that must occur for an infection to be transmitted, including an infectious microorganism, a mode of transmission, a reservoir, and a host.

What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous infections?

Exogenous infections are acquired from external sources; endogenous infections arise from within the host, often due to another infection.

What are vectors?

Agents, typically insects, that transfer pathogens from one host to another.

What are fomites?

Inanimate objects that can carry infectious agents.

What is a nosocomial infection?

An infection acquired in a hospital.

What does iatrogenic infection refer to?

Infection resulting from the actions of a physician or medical treatment.

What is the most effective method of sterilization?

Steam sterilization (autoclaving).

What are standard precautions?

Infection control practices that reduce the risk of transmission of infections and are applied to all patients.

What is the difference between surgical asepsis and medical asepsis?

Surgical asepsis is the complete removal of all pathogens, while medical asepsis is the reduction of pathogens.

What is the primary purpose of handwashing?

To prevent the spread of infection.

What is the term for the process of grouping patients with similar infections to prevent the spread of disease?

Cohorting.

What are droplet precautions?

Precautions taken to prevent transmission through respiratory droplets.

What is the most common route of transmission in hospitals?

Through fomites, or contaminated inanimate objects.

The healthcare practitioner must understand infectious diseases, how they are spread, and how they are controlled. Why?

This understanding is essential for effective prevention and control of infections in healthcare settings.

What are microorganisms?

grows in or on a host organism and causes disease known as infection

What is disease?

A pathological condition of a living organism resulting from injury, infection, or functional disorder.

What are the three things that a pathogen can do?

multiply in large #s and cause obstruction

they can cause tissue damage

they can secrete exotoxins

What are the four basic infectious agents?

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

What are the steps of establishment of a disease?

Encounter

entry

spread

multiplication - incubation period

damage - direct vs indirect

outcome

What are the three different outcomes for the establishment of an infectious disease?

Host gains control and eliminates disease

infection overcomes host to cause disease

host and infection compromise and live together

What 4 things do infections need to be able to be transmitted?

a host, infectious organism, mode of transmission, and a reservoir

What are two examples of direct transmission?

Touching, sexual contact

What are examples of indirect transmission?

Transmission via contaminated surfaces or objects, droplet transmission from a distance.

What is a reservoir?

A reservoir is any person, animal, or environment that harbors an infectious organism, allowing it to multiply and be transmitted to others.

What is Typhoid Mary?

A nickname for Mary Mallon, an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever who famously infected numerous people in the early 20th century.

What percentage of patients have nosocomial infections?

5% of patients

Which two sources of infection are we most primary concerned with in the hospital setting?

Contact with patients and contaminated surfaces.

How do we control infection?

Mechanical, chemical and cellular defense such as our skin

Chemotherapy

Immunization

What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal?

Bacteriostatic agents inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal agents kill bacteria directly.

How long should you be washing your hands?

7-8 minutes

What is pharmacology?

The study of drugs, including their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms.

What are the three ways drugs can be classified?

By name, action, or legal classification.

What are the three names each drug typically has?

Chemical, generic, and trade names.

What does the term 'PDR' stand for?

Physician's Desk Reference.

What is a chemical name for diphenhydramine?

Diphen methox CN.

What form of medication is known as a tablet?

A solid dose form like Advil.

What is the difference between a solution and a suspension?

A solution completely mixes together and remains uniform, while a suspension does not fully mix and will separate over time.

What does flocculation refer to?

The clumping that may occur in a suspension.

What is the function of transdermal patches?

To deliver medication through the skin for systemic effects.

What are analgesics?

Medications that relieve pain.

What type of medication is lidocaine?

An anesthetic used to numb tissue in a specific area.

What are anticoagulants used for?

To inhibit the clotting of blood.

What do antidepressants treat?

Depression.

What is an antiemetic?

Medication that prevents or treats nausea and vomiting.

How is pharmacokinetics defined?

The study that examines how drugs are introduced to the body and how the body metabolizes them.

What does idiosyncratic reaction mean?

An unexpected reaction to a drug that does not follow a typical pattern.

What are the five rights of drug administration?

Right drug, right dose, right patient, right time, and right route.

How many times should a drug be checked before administration?

Three times.

What are the two main types of routes of administration?

Enteral and parenteral.

What does a bolus mean in pharmacology?

A concentrated mass of medication administered at once.

What is the significance of ionized versus non-ionized contrast media?

Non-ionized contrast is less reactive and safer, causing fewer side effects compared to ionized contrast.

What is the atomic number of iodine?

53.

What is the common use of barium sulfate in medical imaging?

For gastrointestinal studies.

What can happen if a patient does not hydrating adequately after receiving barium?

Barium can harden in the body, leading to constipation.

What is the critical first step when recognizing a medical emergency in a hospital setting?

Recognizing the need for assistance and calling for help.

What is hypovolemic shock caused by?

A loss of blood or tissue fluid.

What does AED stand for?

Automated External Defibrillator.

What should you do if a patient starts to deteriorate?

Call for help and possibly initiate a code.

What are the signs of hypoglycemia?

Hunger, sweating, shakiness, irritability.

What indicates a serious allergic reaction, such as anaphylactic shock?

Severe difficulty breathing, throat swelling, or loss of consciousness.

What is the difference between vertigo and syncope?

Vertigo is dizziness, while syncope is fainting.

What is the universal sign for choking?

Grabbing the throat.

What does CPR stand for?

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

What is the purpose of a crash cart in a hospital?

To provide essential medical equipment and medications in case of a medical emergency.

What causes your body to react more strongly during imaging procedures?

The introduction of charged particles from certain contrast materials.

How does air affect the attenuation of a beam in imaging?

Air allows the beam to pass through more easily, altering the overall attenuation.

What is the atomic number of Barium?

56.

What does 'radiopaque' mean?

It means that a substance attenuates the X-ray beam.

What are negative contrast agents?

Substances like air or carbon dioxide that have low atomic numbers and create less attenuation on images.

What is flocculation?

The separation that occurs in a suspension, such as barium that settles out if not mixed properly.

What is diverticulitis?

Inflammation of diverticula in the colon, often associated with severe pain.

What procedure would use iodinated contrast media?

Examinations of the alimentary canal, or for conditions involving the kidneys.

What is a contraindication for using barium contrast?

Perforation in the bowel or any recent biopsies.

What is the atomic number of Iodine?

53.

What is the main difference between ionic and nonionic contrast media?

Ionic contrasts disassociate into charged particles, while nonionic do not.

What is the importance of patient hydration after contrast administration?

It helps flush out the contrast from the body.

What is meant by the term 'asepsis'?

Freedom from infection.

What should you do if a sterile field is compromised?

Report it immediately and do not try to hide the issue.

What areas are considered sterile during procedures?

From the shoulders to the waist, and the front of the body.

What is a key precaution when passing in a sterile corridor?

Only sterile personnel may walk in the sterile corridor, and they must pass back to back.

What distinguishes a pedunculated polyp from a sessile polyp?

A pedunculated polyp has a stalk, while a sessile polyp does not.

What techniques can be used to administer iodinated contrast?

Intravenous, intra-articular, or intrathecal methods.

What main factor should be assessed before administering iodinated contrast?

The patient's renal function and history of allergic reactions.