Cardio Review

What causes S1?

closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

What causes S2?

closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

When do systolic murmurs occur?

between S1 and S2

What EVG finding indicates a 1 degree AV block?

prolonged PR interval

What indicates a PVC?

wide QRS

absent P wave

Key symptoms of heart failure

dyspnea

orthopnea

PND

peripheral edema

How does PE present?

sudden SOB

not positional

How does DVT present?

unilateral leg pain/swelling

When do you use pursed lip breathing?

dyspnea and wheezing

When is percussion indicated?

thick/copious secretions

Purpose of upper chest inhibition?

reduce accessory muscle use

ABI of 0.6 indicates what?

moderate PAD

ABI > 1.1 indicates what?

arterial calcification

Normal hematocrit?

36-46%

What does low hematocrit indicate?

anemia

What happens with low platelets?

bruising

What do thiazides cause?

hyponatremia

hypokalemia

Signs of hyponatremia?

clammy skin

hypotension

Signs of hypokalemia?

dizziness

hyperventilation

Signs of hyperkalemia?

abdominal cramps

numbness

Normal RA pressure?

0-8 mmHg

RA pressure of 15 mmHg indicates?

severe pulmonary hypertension

Why is a cool down important after aerobic exercise?

prevents blood pooling

What happens with manual pressure on the carotid sinus?

decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Why is pulmonary hygiene important in Guillain-Barre?

risk of respiratory muscle fatigue/paralysis

increased infection risk

Pain with chest wall palpation indicates what?

MSK origin

Pain with deep breathing indicates what?

pulmonary origin

Pain relieved by antacids suggests what?

peptic ulcer disease

What does nitroglycerin (nitrostat) do?

vasodilation

increases myocardial blood flow

relieves angina

Sarcoidosis is what type of lung disease?

restrictive

Emphysema is what type of lung disease?

obstructive

Key characteristics of COPD

airflow limitation

prolonged exhalation

What happens to the diaphragm in COPD?

flattens and becomes less effective

What muscles compensate in COPD?

accessory muscles (scalenes)

Peripheral vascular disease is what type of issue?

vascular

ABI > 1.0 indicates what?

noncompressible

calcified arteries

ABI = 1.0 indicates what?

normal

compression ok

ABI = 0.8 indicates what?

mild disease

compression with caution

ABI 0.5-0.8 indicates what?

moderate disease

compression contraindicated

ABI < 0.8 general rule?

avoid compression therapy

Forward stooping while walking suggests what?

neurogenic disorder

Pain in calf with dorsiflexion indicates what?

possible DVT

Hosman’s sign

Hyperpigmented skin near medial malleolus indicates what?

venous disorder

Biggest risk factor for peripheral arterial disease?

smoking

Common PAD symptoms?

intermittent claudication

aching

cramping

limping

Key sign of ischemia in PAD?

lower blood pressure at ankle vs arm