Chapter 1 Preliminary Steps in Radiography

image receptor

a device that receives the energy of the X-ray beam and forms the image of the body part

cassette with film, image plate, solid state detectors, portable direct radiography, fluoroscopic screen

five types of image receptors

optical density

the degree of image blackening

brightness

digital imaging term equivalent to OD

contrast

the difference in density of any two areas on a radiograph

recorded detail

the ability to visualize small structures

distortion

the misrepresentation of the size or shape of any anatomic structure

magnification

a type of distortion in which the image is larger than the actual object

visible OD, image noise, patient dose

factors that mAs affect in digital imaging

kilovolt peak

what exposure factor controls radiographic contrast

IP phosphor, screen, motion, distance, geometry, focal spot size

six factors that control recorded detail

radiographer

when the radiologist is unable to see the patient, who is responsible for ensuring that an adequate clinical history accompanies the radiographs?

hand washing

what is the easiest and most convent method to prevent the spread of microorganisms?

pathogenic microorganisms

according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, al human blood and certain bodily fluids should be treated as if the contain?

gloves

what protective apparel should radiographers wear if the possibility of touching blood exists?

sharps

what procedure should be followed to properly dispose of use hypodermic needles?

disinfectant

chemical substance that kills pathogenic bacteria

antiseptic

chemical substance that inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms without necessarily killing them

sterilization

the destruction of all microorganisms

disinfection

the process of killing only pathogenic microorganisms

antiseptic

which term (antiseptic or disinfectant) classifies isopropyl alcohol?

outline of procedures, number of staff required, duties of each member of team, listing of required sterile and non sterile items

what information should be included in a procedures book that identifies each examination performed in the radiography department?

limited diet, laxatives, enemas

list the three ways a patient's colon may be cleansed for an abdominal examination

smooth-involuntary, cardiac-involuntary, striated-voluntary

identify the three types of muscular tissue and state the type of motion (voluntary or involuntary) associated with each

peristalsis

the rhythmic motion of smooth muscle structures is called

exposure time

what exposure factor is used to control involuntary motion

central nervous system

what body system controls the movement of voluntary muscles

prevent shadows

why is it necessary to ensure that any folds in cloth gowns are straightened out before making the radiographic exposure

dentures, bridgework, earrings, necklaces, hairpins, and eyeglasses

what devices must be removed from patient within the area of interest when the skull is examined

explain procedure

before beginning a radiographic examination, what should the radiographer do to gain the cooperation of a coherent patient

4

what is the minimum number of personnel that should be used to transfer a helpless patient from a gurney to the radiographic table?

increase the SID

what adjustment can be made by the radiographer to compensate for an increase in OID?

radiographic contrast is increased because scatter radiation is reduced, producing shorter scale of contrast

how is the radiographic contrast affected when the radiation beam is restricted to only the area under examination?

automatic collimator automatically adjusts to size of the IR

when using film/screen cassettes or computed radiography imaging plates, how is the field size limited to prevent overexposing the patient?

true

T/F In a direct digital imaging, the field size or collimation must be manually adjusted

true

T/F Creating an image using a larger that required field size is a violation of the ASRT Code of Ethics

false

T/F Shuttering of direct digital images is an acceptable substitution for proper collimation

when gonads are close to primary X-ray field (5cm), when clinical objective of exam is not compromised, when patient has a reasonable reproductive potential

three guidelines for deterring when gonadal shielding should be used

anteroposterior

AP

automatic exposure control

AEC

american society of radiologic technologists

ASRT

image receptor

IR

computed radiography

CR (imaging method)

central ray

CR (xray beam method)

milliampere-second

mAs

charge-coupled device

CCD

inspiration

what respiration phase is requested when the goal is to expand lung fields to the maximum event possible?

slow deep breathing

what respiration procedure provides for lung motion but not rib motion?

increased weight limits to 700 lbs

how have equipment manufacturers responded to the growing obesity problem in US?

risk of injury

what is the major risk factor in transportation and transfer of obese patients

thorax, stomach, and colon

which body parts are most affected, in terms of increased size, by morbid obesity

jugular notch

what bony landmarks are usually palpable on obese patients

22 in

what is the approximate distance of the pubic symphysis from the jugular notch on a patient who measures 5 feet 3 inches?

OID, SID

two factors that control radiographic magnification

true

T/F All radiographs yield some degree of magnification

alignment, angulation, central ray, IR, anatomic part

five factors that control or affect shape distortion

anatomic postion

position in which the patient is standing erect with the face and eyes directed forward, arms extend by the sides with palms facing forward, heels together with toes pointing anteriorly

(facing) anatomic position

how should a posteroanterior projection radiograph of the chest be displayed on a viewing device

(from) perspective of X-ray tube

describe how lateral projection radiographs should be displayed

with digits pointing up and view from perspective of X-ray tube

describe how hand and foot radiographs should be displayed

(1) anatomic position (2) in the manner in which the IR was positioned when exposure was made

describe two most common ways that lateral decubitus radiographs are displayed

apply immobilization, give clear instructions, adjust support devices, decrease exposure time, provide patient comfort

five ways voluntary motion can be controlled by a radiographer

patients name, date of exam, institutional identity, side marker

four items of identification information that should be on every radiograph

cumulative time

some examinations require an additional marker to indicate the _ after the introduction of a contrast medium

unacceptable

use of electronic insertion of the side marker in digital imaging is (acceptable/unacceptable)?

unacceptable

placement of the marker in the anatomy of interest is (acceptable/unacceptable)?

acceptable

placement of the marker on the boarder of the collimated field (acceptable/unacceptable)?

unacceptable

writing the side marker on hard copy images is (acceptable/unacceptable)?

inspiration and expiration

what are the two phases of respiration?

involuntary

smooth muscle motion

involuntary

cardiac muscle motion

voluntary

striated muscle motion

involuntary

_ motion: heart pulsation, chill, peristalsis, tremor, spasm, pain

voluntary

_ motion: nervousness, discomfort, excitability, mental illness, fear, age, breathing

clear instruction

the single most effective way to control voluntary motion

blurry

outline of bone will be _ if patient is moving

sharp

outline of bone will be _ if patient is not moving

radiolucent

term meaning X-rays can go through it

radiopaque

term meaning it absorbs the X-ray and they can't go through it

jcaho

accredits hospital, strives to improve quality and improve patient care, sets age specific guidelines

jcert

accredits radiography programs, sets guidelines for education

joint review committee on education in radiologic technology

jrcert

joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organizations

jcaho

edge

place markers on _ of collimator border

image receptor

lateral projection is marked as the side of the body closest to _

both

if both extremities are on X-ray we mark _ sides

not

always mark side that patient is _ laying on

40

_ inch SID = 1 meter

IR

central ray is always centered to _

perpendicular

central ray is always _ to structure being angled

5

CDRH: if the gonads lie within or close to the primary x-ray field ( _ cm) despite proper beam limitation