study guide questions

what is an example of lipid-soluble hormones?

estrogen and testosterone

what is an example of lipid-insoluble hormones?

water and peptide hormones

what are the basic characteristics of prokaryotes?

they only have a nucleoid, circular dna, and may contain a plasmid; examples are bacteria and archaea 

what are the basic characteristics of eukaryotes?

they have a nucleus, organelles, and linear dna; they are unicellular and multicellular; they are much larger and complex

what is the function of the extracellular matrix?

it provides structural support and protection

what are the components of the extracellular matrix?

protein which is in the form of collagen and proteoglycans

how is the entrance and exit controlled by the nucleus?

through nuclear pores that are selectively permeable channels. for example, smaller molecules pass freely while larger molecules like proteins and rna need specific tags to pass

what is cytokinesis?

the actin-myosin interactions in animals to divide the cell into two

what is cytoplasmic streaming?

the actin-myosin interactions in plants that moves the cytoplasm around the cell

what do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both have?

they both have a cell membrane, a plasma membrane, a cytoplasm, ribosomes, dna, and chromosomes

what do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells dont?

a nucleus, organelles, and linear dna

what are organelles?

a membrane bound compartments inside of a cell that have enzymes or specialized structures

function of golgi apparatus

the protein processing, sorting, and shipping

function of nucleus

information storage and processing

function of peroxisome

the center for redox reactions

functions of centrioles

cell division

function of cytoskeleton

helps maintain cell shape by providing structural support

function of cilia

allows movement of fluid and particles

function of flagella

allows cell movement from their molecular motors

function of microtubules

the framework for organelles, provides structural support, seperates chromosomes, and tracks for vesicle transport

function of nucleolus

the ribosomal manufacture and processing

function of rough er

makes proteins that are packaged into vesicles that are moved into lumen

function of smooth er

the lipid processing center and Ca2+ reservoir

function of lysososmes

the recycling centers

function of cell membrane

acts as a gatekeeper to protect what goes in and out of the cell

function of chloroplasts

it converts sunlight into chemical energy and are the sugar manufacturing centers in plants and algae

function of vacuoles

the storage center for plants and fungal cells

function of endosomes

sorting stations

function of intermediate filaments

they provide strength and structural support through their flexible cargo net

function of plastids

performs photosynthesis, food storage, and creates pigments in plants and algae

function of mitochondria

the powerhouse of the cell that makes its own atp

function of ribosomes

they manufacture proteins

function of vesicles

storing and transporting

function of cytoplasm

supports, protects, and gives the cell shape

function of cell wall

it resists the osmotic pressure

function of fimbriae

allow attachment to surfaces

function of nuclear envelope

seperates the nucleus from the rest of the cell

function of nuclear pore complex

connects the nucleus to the cytoplasm and allows the selective transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus

what are the four components of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, pyruvate processing, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis

glycolysis function

glucose is broken down to pyruvate

pyruvate processing function

pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA

citric acid cycle function

acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide

electron transport and chemiosmosis function

compounds that were reduced in steps 1- 3 are oxidized in reactions leading to atp production

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

it occurs when ATP is made by moving a phosphate group from one molecule to ADP which happens during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

in the electron transport chain a difference in proton levels helps make energy; a protein called atp synthase uses this energy to turn ADP into atp

glycolysis location, reactant, product, and where its stored.

its located in the cytoplasm, the reactant is glucose; the products are 2 pyruvates, 2 atp, and 2 NADH; its stored in the NADH

pyruvate processing location, reactant, product, and where its stored.

its located in the mitochondria; the reactant is 2 pyruvates; the products are 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 carbon dioxide, and 2 NADH; its stored in the NADH

citric acid cycle location, reactant, product, and where its stored.

its located in the mitochondrial matrix; the reactant is 2 acetyl-CoA; the products are 4 carbon dioxide, 2 atp, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH; its stored in the NADH and FADH

electron transport and chemiosmosis location, reactant, product, and where its stored.

its located in the inner mitochondrial membrane; the reactant is NADH, FADH, and oxygen; the products are 34 atp and water

what is potential energy?

it is the stored energy due to the position or structure, an example is a stretched rubber band

what is kinnetic energy?

it is the energy of motion, an example is a rolling ball or flowing water

what are the types of chemical energy? how does it work?

atp and it works by storing energy in its phosphorylation bonds and releases it when the bond breaks

what do enzymes do in chemical reactions and are the enzymes used up in reactions?

they speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy and they can not be reused

why is atp important for cells?

it powers the cells activities such as muscle movement and molecule transport

what happens when atp loses a phosphate?

it becomes an adp and releases energy the cell can use

what are the cell connections?

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

tight junction function

they allow molecules to pass through and they are found in the epithelial layers of intestine and bladder

desmosome function

they are the intracellular anchor proteins that attach to the cytoskeleton filaments; its the strongest but least dynamic, and it is found in epithelial skin layers

gap junction function

they are the communication between neighboring cells and they are found in the heart muscle cells

what is the process of steriod hormones?

they can pass through the lipid bilayer, the hormone binds to the receptor in the cytoplasm, and then it enters the nucleus to influence gene expression