Chapter 17

the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

in the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

the elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure area?

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

the English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

what was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

improved water supply and sewage systems

in the eighteenth century, European public health measures

in all regions

population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

how did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the rural poor worked for low wages

what was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

the spinning of thread for the loom

was reserved for the male head of the household

within the family, the operation of the loom

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

the industrious revolution was a result of

guarded their guild privileges jealously

in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

according to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules

which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

at the center of Adam Smith's arguments in "The Wealth of Nations" was the belief that

the Atlantic economy

between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

from 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

what was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

the size and strength of British naval power

the British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to

the British colonial empire

in the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

about 90 percent of slaves were transported to the Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America

which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

it permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

more wars and likely fewer people

in Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

by the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

they faced political and economic of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved

what was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

the Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe

why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

convicted prisoners

who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

become landless rural wage earners

the proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress

Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated

Treaty of Paris

the treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

London

in the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Creoles

people of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

France

Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was

doubled

between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population