PSYCH 270 UMICH - Unit 3 Textbook

Chapter 7

Physical Disorders and Health Psychology

Behavioral Medicine

interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. also known as psychosomatic medicine

Stress

physiological response of the individual to a stressor

Health Psychology

subfield of behavioral medicine that studies psychological factors important in health promotion and maintenance

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Hans Selye. these stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which may lead to death

Self-Efficacy

perception of having the ability to cope with stress or challenges

Immune System

body's means of identifying and eliminating any foreign materials (for example, bacteria, parasites, and even transplanted organs) that enter

Antigens

foreign material that enters the body, including bacteria and parasites

Autoimmune Disease

condition in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue rather than antigens

Rheumatoid Arthritis

painful, degenerative disease in which the immune system essentially attacks itself, resulting in stiffness, swelling, and even destruction of the joints. cognitive-behavioral treatments can help relieve pain and stiffness

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body's immune response

AIDS-Related Complex (ARC)

group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appears after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS

Cardiovascular Disease

afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues and organs. psychological factors may play important roles in such diseases and their treatments

Stroke/Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning

Hypertension

major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is intimately related to psychological factors. also known as high blood pressure

Essential Hypertension

high blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle; a major cause of death in Western culture, with social and psychological factors involved

Type A Behavior Pattern

cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger, originally thought to promote high risk for heart disease

Type B Behavior Pattern

cluster of behaviors including a relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, and less forceful ambition; originally thought to promote low risk for heart disease

Acute Pain

pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated

Chronic Pain

enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back; and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. other significant factors are social and psychological

Endogenous (Natural) Opioids

substance occurring naturally throughout the body that functions like a neurotransmitter to shut down pain sensation even in the presence of marked tissue damage. these opioids may contribute to psychological problems such as eating disorders. also known as an endorphin or enkephalin

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanied by fever, headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression, and anxiety

Biofeedback

use of physiological monitoring equipment to make individuals aware of their own bodily functions, such as blood pressure or brain waves, that they cannot normally access, with the purpose of controlling these functions

Relaxation Response

active components of meditation methods, including repetitive thoughts of a sound to reduce distracting thoughts and closing the mind to other intruding thoughts, that decrease the flow of stress and hormones and neurotransmitters and cause a feeling of calm

Chapter 6

Mood Disorders and Suicide

Mood Disorders

one of a group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression

Major Depressive Episode

most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks

Mania

period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria associated with some mood disorders

Hypomanic Episode

less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one the criteria for several mood disorders

Mixed Features

condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. also known as dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode

Major Depressive Disorder

mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent)

Recurrent

repeatedly occurring

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months

Double Depression

severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder

Integrated Grief

grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss

Complicated Grief

grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life; designated for further study as a disorder by DSM-5

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the premenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania

Bipolar II Disorder

alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)

Bipolar I Disorder

alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

Cyclothymic Disorder

chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

Neurohormones

hormone that affects the brain and is increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology

Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression

Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they actually have control)

Depressive Cognitive Triad

thinking errors by depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and their future

Mood-Stabilizing Drug

a medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. the reason for its effectiveness are unknown

Cognitive Therapy

treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes -- and ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes in marital conflict, forming relationships in marriage, or a new job. it has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression

Maintenance Treatment

combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy

Suicidal Ideation

serious thoughts about committing suicide

Suicidal Plans

the formulation of a specific method of killing oneself

Suicidal Attempts

effort made to kill oneself

Psychological Autopsy

postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death

Chapter 11

Personality Disorders

Personality Disorder

an enduring maladaptive pattern for relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress

Paranoid Personality Disorder

a cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent

"I cannot trust people"

clinical population: 6.3%-9.6%

general population:

1.5%-1.8%

approximately equal among men and women

Schizoid Personality Disorder

a cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions

"relationships are messy, undesirable"

clinical population:

1.4%-1.9%

general population:

0.9%-1.2%

slightly more common among men

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior

"it's better to be isolated from others"

clinical population:

6.4%-5.7%

general population:

0.7%-1.1%

slightly more common among men

chronic; some go on to develop schizophrenia

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. similar to the non-DSM-5 label psychopathy but with greater emphasis on overt behavior than on personality traits

"I am entitled to break rules"

clinical population:

3.9%-5.9%

general population:

1.0%-1.8%

much more common among men

dissipates after age 40

Psychopathy

a non-DSM-5 category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis invert behavior. indicators include superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics

Borderline Personality Disorder

a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and control over impulses

"I deserve to be punished"

clinical population:

28.5%

general population:

1.4%-1.6%

approximately equal among men and woman

symptoms gradually improve if individuals survive into their 30s (approximately 6% die by suicide)

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

a promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior

Histrionic Personality Disorder

a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

"people are there to serve or admire me"

clinical population:

8.0%-9.7%

general population:

1.2%-1.3%

slightly more common among women

chronic

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

"since I am special, I deserve special rules"

clinical population:

5.1%-10.1%

general population:

0.1%-0.8%

slightly more common among men

may improve over time

Avoidant Personality Disorder

a cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism

"if people knew the 'real' me, they would reject me"

clinical population:

21.5%-24.6%

general population:

1.4%-2.5%

slightly more common among women

Dependent Personality Disorder

a cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder characterized by a person's pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

"I need people to survive and be happy"

clinical population:

13.0%-15.0%

general population:

0.9%-1.0%

much more common among women

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

a cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

"people should do better, try harder"

clinical population:

6.1%-10.5%

general population:

1.9%-2.1%

slightly more common among men

Chapter 10

Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way they think, feel, and behave. these are extremely costly in human and financial terms

Impulse-Control Disorders

a disorder in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse

Alcohol Use Disorder

a cognitive, biological, and social problem associated with alcohol use and abuse

Psychoactive Substances

substances, such as a drug, that alter mood or behavior

Substance Use

the ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

Substance Intoxication

a physiological reaction, such as impaired judgment and motor ability, as well as mood change, resulting from the ingestion of a psychoactive substance

Substance Use Disorders

when the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home

Physiological Dependence

the use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance) and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested

Tolerance

the need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

Withdrawal

a severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance

Depressants

these substances result in behavioral sedation and can induce relaxation. they include alcohol (ethyl alcohol) and the sedative and hypnotic drugs in the families of barbiturates (for example, Seconal) and benzodiazepines (for example, Valium, Xanax)

Stimulants

these substances cause us to be more active and alter and can elevate mood. included in this group are amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine

Opiates

the major effect of these substances is to produce analgesia temporarily (reduce pain) and euphoria. heroin, opium, codeine, and morphine are included in this group

Hallucinogens

these substances alter sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations. cannabis and LSD are included in this category

Other Drugs of Abuse

other substances that are abused but do not fit neatly into one of these categories here include inhalants (for example, airplane glue), anabolic steroids, and other over-the-counter and prescription medications (for example, nitrous oxide). these substances produce a variety of psychoactive effects that are characteristic of the substances described in the previous categories

Gambling Disorder

as with the ingestion of the substances just described, individuals who display gambling disorder are unable to resist the urge to gamble which, in turn, results in negative personal consequences (e.g., divorce, loss employment)

Substance Dependence

a maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects. also known as addiction

Substance Abuse

a pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations

Alcohol

by-product of the fermentation of Yeats, sugar, and water; the most commonly used and abused depressant substance

Alcohol-Related Disorders

cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with alcohol use and abuse

Withdrawal Delirium (Delirium Tremens/DTs)

the frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol. also known as delirium tremens (DT)

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use, involving confusion, unintelligible speech, and loss of motor coordination. it may be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers

Barbiturates

a sedative (and addictive) drug such as Amytal, Seconal, or Nembutal that is used as a sleep aid

Benzodiazepines

an antianxiety drug such as Valium, Xanax, Dalmane, or Halcion also used to treat insomnia. effective against anxiety (and, at high potency, panic disorder), benzodiazepines show some side effects, such as some cognitive and motor impairment, and may result in substance dependence. relapse rates are extremely high when such a drug is discontinued

Amphetamines

stimulant medication used to treat hypersonic by keeping the person awake during the day, and to treat narcolepsy, including sudden onset episodes, by suppressing rapid eye movement sleep

Amphetamine Use Disorders

psychological, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with amphetamine use and abuse

Cocaine Use Disorders

cognitive, biological, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of cocaine

Nicotine

toxic and addictive substance found in tobacco leaves

Tobacco-Related Disorders

cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of nicotine

Opioid-Related Disorders

cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of opiates and their synthetic variants

Cannabis (Cannabis Sativa) (Marijuana)

see marijuana