FBBC Module 1 pt. 1

Ganglia

Groups of neurons that work together

Vertebrate vs. Invertebrate Nervous Systems

Invertebrates typically do not have a brain, or a primitive brain, their neurons are less but larger

Vertebrates have brains, with many more neurons, but they are smaller in size

6 Common Features of Vertebrate Nervous Systems

1) Development from a neural tube - from ectodermal germ layer

2) Bilateral Symmetry - for every brain region in the right side of the brain, there is the same region in the left side

3) Segmentation - Different parts of the nervous system control different parts of the body

4) Separate Systems - certain structures work together to control or produce behaviors

5) Localization of Function - certain functions are controlled by certain areas, each area has a function, multiple areas working together is a system

6) Hierarchical Control - control is ordered top-down on three levels: cortical, cerebellar, spine

Divisions of the Nervous System

Central and Peripheral; Peripheral is divided into Autonomic and Somatic; Autonomic is divided into Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric

Afferents and Efferents

Afferents carry sensory information to the CNS (approach)

Efferents carry information from the CNS to organs, muscles, glands (exit)

CNS: Brain (Cerebral Cortex) (Anatomy)

Sulcus - groove, fissure - large groove, gyrus - bulge between sulci and fissures

4 lobes - Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Divisions - F/P by central sulcus, T/F+P by Sylvian (lateral) fissure, Hemis by interhemispheric fissure (medial longitudinal)

CNS: Brain (4 Lobes and Functions)

Frontal - integrating movement info and processing high level cognitive info

Parietal - integrates sensory info and spatial info (proprioception)

Occipital - visual info

Temporal - auditory info and object recognition (memory)

CNS: Spine

Receives sensory info from skin, joints, muscles of body and limbs, and sends out motor commands, both reflexive and voluntary

CNS: Spine (Vertebral Column) (Anatomy)

Composed of 33 bones: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 4 coccyx; all are separated by intervertebral disks EX sacrum and coccyx (fused)

CNS: Spine (Vertebral Column) (Function)

Cervical spine (nexck) - support the weight of the head (C1 - C7)

Thoracic spine (mid back) - hold the ribcage, protect the heart and lungs (T1 - T12)

Lumbar (low back) - bears the weight of the body; vertebrae are larger (L1 - L5)

Sacrum - connect the spine to the hip bones

Coccyx - attachment for ligaments and muscles of the pelvis

PNS: Spinal Cord (Anatomy)

Composed of 34 spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal; Nerves run through vertebrae in the interverebral foramen; Connected to the sympathetic and parasympathetic chains to relay info, via the dorsal root ganglia (motor info) and ventral roots (sensory info)

Sympathetic Chain vs. Parasympathetic Chain

SC: ganglia close to spinal cord, preganglionic nerves are short, and cholinergic (use Ach) postganglionic nerves are long and use norepinephrine;

PSC: ganglic in extremities, preganglionic nerves are long, and postganglionic nerves are short, and both are cholinergic (Ach)