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The two types of cells are __________ and __________.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic cells are much __________ than eukaryotic cells.
smaller
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a __________ containing genetic material.
nucleus
The prokaryotic cell wall is composed of __________.
Peptidoglycan
Genetic information in a prokaryotic cell is found free within the cytoplasm as __________ and __________.
Chromosomal DNA and Plasmid DNA
__________ are small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm.
Plasmids
Order of magnitude is a power to the base __________ used to quantify and compare size.
10
A centimetre (cm) is __________ metres.
1 x 10^-2
A millimetre (mm) is __________ metres.
1 x 10^-3
A micrometre (µm) is __________ metres.
1 x 10^-6
A nanometre (nm) is __________ metres.
1 x 10^-9
The difference in order of magnitude between a human hair (100 µm) and the HIV virus (100 nm) is __________.
3
Components of both plant and animal cells include __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________.
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes
Additional components found in plant cells include __________, __________, and __________.
Chloroplasts, Permanent vacuole, Cell wall
Other than storing genetic information, the function of the nucleus is to __________.
Control cellular activities
The cytoplasm is the __________ component of the cell that contains organelles, enzymes, and dissolved ions.
Fluid
The function of the cytoplasm is the site of __________ reactions and acts as a transport medium.
cellular
The function of the cell membrane is to control the __________ and __________ of materials into and out of the cell.
entry and exit
The mitochondria are the site of the later stages of __________ respiration where ATP is produced.
aerobic
Ribosomes function to join __________ in a specific order during translation for protein synthesis.
amino acids
The plant cell wall is made of __________.
Cellulose
The function of the plant cell wall includes providing __________ and preventing the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis.
strength
The permanent vacuole contains __________, a solution of salts, sugars, and organic acids.
Cell sap
The function of the permanent vacuole is to support the cell and maintain its __________.
turgidity
Chloroplasts are the site of __________.
photosynthesis
Sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function because they have a __________ nucleus that contains genetic information.
haploid
Nerve cells in animals are adapted because their long __________ allows electrical impulses to be transmitted throughout the body.
axon
The myelin sheath around nerve cells __________ the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses.
insulates
Muscle cells have an arrangement of protein __________ that allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction.
filaments
Root hair cells in plants are adapted with a large __________ area to absorb nutrients and water from soil.
surface
Xylem cells have no upper or lower margins between cells to provide a continuous __________ for water to flow.
route
Phloem cells are adapted with sieve plates that allow dissolved __________ and __________ to be transported up and down the stem.
amino acids and sugars
Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become __________.
specialised
Cell differentiation is important as it allows the production of different __________ and __________.
tissues and organs
Most animal cells differentiate early in their __________ cycle.
life
Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their __________ life cycle.
entire
The purpose of cell division in mature animals is for the repair and __________ of cells.
replacement
When a cell differentiates, it undergoes changes to become specialised through the acquisition of different __________ structures.
sub-cellular
Magnification is defined as the number of times bigger an image appears compared to the __________ of the real object.
size
Resolution is the smallest distance between two objects that can be __________.
distinguished
A light microscope works by passing a beam of __________ through a specimen.
light
Advantages of light microscopes include being __________, easy to use, and portable.
inexpensive
The main disadvantage of light microscopes is that they have a limited __________.
resolution
An electron microscope uses a beam of __________ focused using magnets.
electrons
The two types of electron microscope are __________ and __________.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
The advantage of electron microscopes is that they provide greater __________ and __________.
magnification and resolution
Electron microscopes have greater magnification and resolution because they use a beam of electrons which has a __________ wavelength than photons of light.
shorter
Electron microscopes allow scientists to observe small sub-cellular structures, improving understanding of how cell structure relates to __________.
function
The disadvantages of electron microscopes include being __________, large, require training, and can only observe dead specimens.
expensive
The formula to calculate magnification is __________.
magnification = size of image / size of real object
Standard form is a way of expressing numbers written as a figure between __________ and __________ multiplied by a power of 10.
1 and 10
0.005 in standard form is __________.
5 x 10^-3
10382 in standard form is __________.
1.0382 x 10^4
