Cell Structure

The two types of cells are __________ and __________.

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic cells are much __________ than eukaryotic cells.

smaller

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a __________ containing genetic material.

nucleus

The prokaryotic cell wall is composed of __________.

Peptidoglycan

Genetic information in a prokaryotic cell is found free within the cytoplasm as __________ and __________.

Chromosomal DNA and Plasmid DNA

__________ are small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm.

Plasmids

Order of magnitude is a power to the base __________ used to quantify and compare size.

10

A centimetre (cm) is __________ metres.

1 x 10^-2

A millimetre (mm) is __________ metres.

1 x 10^-3

A micrometre (µm) is __________ metres.

1 x 10^-6

A nanometre (nm) is __________ metres.

1 x 10^-9

The difference in order of magnitude between a human hair (100 µm) and the HIV virus (100 nm) is __________.

3

Components of both plant and animal cells include __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________.

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes

Additional components found in plant cells include __________, __________, and __________.

Chloroplasts, Permanent vacuole, Cell wall

Other than storing genetic information, the function of the nucleus is to __________.

Control cellular activities

The cytoplasm is the __________ component of the cell that contains organelles, enzymes, and dissolved ions.

Fluid

The function of the cytoplasm is the site of __________ reactions and acts as a transport medium.

cellular

The function of the cell membrane is to control the __________ and __________ of materials into and out of the cell.

entry and exit

The mitochondria are the site of the later stages of __________ respiration where ATP is produced.

aerobic

Ribosomes function to join __________ in a specific order during translation for protein synthesis.

amino acids

The plant cell wall is made of __________.

Cellulose

The function of the plant cell wall includes providing __________ and preventing the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis.

strength

The permanent vacuole contains __________, a solution of salts, sugars, and organic acids.

Cell sap

The function of the permanent vacuole is to support the cell and maintain its __________.

turgidity

Chloroplasts are the site of __________.

photosynthesis

Sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function because they have a __________ nucleus that contains genetic information.

haploid

Nerve cells in animals are adapted because their long __________ allows electrical impulses to be transmitted throughout the body.

axon

The myelin sheath around nerve cells __________ the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses.

insulates

Muscle cells have an arrangement of protein __________ that allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction.

filaments

Root hair cells in plants are adapted with a large __________ area to absorb nutrients and water from soil.

surface

Xylem cells have no upper or lower margins between cells to provide a continuous __________ for water to flow.

route

Phloem cells are adapted with sieve plates that allow dissolved __________ and __________ to be transported up and down the stem.

amino acids and sugars

Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become __________.

specialised

Cell differentiation is important as it allows the production of different __________ and __________.

tissues and organs

Most animal cells differentiate early in their __________ cycle.

life

Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their __________ life cycle.

entire

The purpose of cell division in mature animals is for the repair and __________ of cells.

replacement

When a cell differentiates, it undergoes changes to become specialised through the acquisition of different __________ structures.

sub-cellular

Magnification is defined as the number of times bigger an image appears compared to the __________ of the real object.

size

Resolution is the smallest distance between two objects that can be __________.

distinguished

A light microscope works by passing a beam of __________ through a specimen.

light

Advantages of light microscopes include being __________, easy to use, and portable.

inexpensive

The main disadvantage of light microscopes is that they have a limited __________.

resolution

An electron microscope uses a beam of __________ focused using magnets.

electrons

The two types of electron microscope are __________ and __________.

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

The advantage of electron microscopes is that they provide greater __________ and __________.

magnification and resolution

Electron microscopes have greater magnification and resolution because they use a beam of electrons which has a __________ wavelength than photons of light.

shorter

Electron microscopes allow scientists to observe small sub-cellular structures, improving understanding of how cell structure relates to __________.

function

The disadvantages of electron microscopes include being __________, large, require training, and can only observe dead specimens.

expensive

The formula to calculate magnification is __________.

magnification = size of image / size of real object

Standard form is a way of expressing numbers written as a figure between __________ and __________ multiplied by a power of 10.

1 and 10

0.005 in standard form is __________.

5 x 10^-3

10382 in standard form is __________.

1.0382 x 10^4