DT HL (Intro to Structural Systems 1)

What are solid structures?

• formed from single mass of dense and strong material

• designed to resist force by sheer volume

Examples of solid structures in nature

• bones and teeth - calcium phosphate and collagen

• tree trunk and coral reefs - support and anchoring

Examples of solid structures in built environment

• dams and retaining wall - rely on bulk for strength

• ancient monuments (pyramid of Giza) - massive and enduring

What are frame structures?

• composed of interconnected elements (pillars..)

• form skeleton that supports loads

Examples of frame structures in nature

• skeletal system of vertebrates - for framework, movement and support

• leaf veins - transports nutrients while giving shape

Examples of frame structures in built environment

• skyscrapers and bridges - use steel / reinforced concrete, support immense loads

• furniture, bicycle and scaffolding - efficiency and flexibility

What are shell structures?

• think, curved surfaces that enclosure a space

• distributes force equally across

Examples of frame structures in nature

• eggshells, seashells, exoskeletons - protect and support using minimal material and optimal shapes

• dome of tortoise shell and curved carapaces - natural engineering

Examples of shell structures in built environment

• domes, vaults and stadium roofs - light but strong

• vehicles and aircrafts - balance between aerodynamics and strength

In product design, frame structures are…

• favored for lightweight strength

• used in furniture, tents and aircraft seats

• chosen when maximum rigidity and minimum weight and material costs is required

In product design, shell structures are…

• ideal for enclosing and protecting components (ex containers, appliances, cars…)

• provide aesthetic to hide and protects internal components

• aerodynamics benefits / degree of waterlightness

• efficiently distribute loads across surface without internal support

In product design, shell structures are…

• in tools, machine parts, moulds

• ideal when durability and impact resistance matter more than weight or material cost

• does not deform easily

• resistant heavy to forces