Flowering plant structure and tissues

What are the two systems of a flowering plant?

Root system (underground) , shoot system (above ground)

What is a node?

Where the leaf stem connects with the stem

What is an internode?

The distance between two nodes

What are the two types of roots/root systems?

Tap root. Fibrous roots

What is a tap root?

Main root going down the middle which may produce lateral roots

What is a fibrous root?

Grow from the base of the stem and branch

Root cap

Protects the tip of the root

Root hairs (function)

Fine hairs which absorb water and minerals. They increase the surface area for absorption

What are the three functions of the root?

Anchor the plant. Absorb water and minerals from the soil. Store food in certain plants, e.g. carrots

What are the three functions of the stem?

Transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and flowers. Transport goods made in leaves around the plant. Support the parts of the plant, e.g. flowers, leaves

What is a bud?

An underdeveloped shoot

What are apical buds?

Buds that lie at the tip of the stem. Grow upwards

What type of tissue do apical buds have?

Meristematic tissue

What are lateral buds?

Side of the stem, give rise to side shoots and branches

What is the axil of a leaf?

Angle between leaf and stem

What are leaves attached to the stem with?

Petiole (leaf stalk)

Sessile meaning

When the leaf is directly attached to the stem

Function of the veins on a leaf

Support. Allow nutrients (food, water, minerals) to be transported.

What are the two patterns that a leaf's vein can be arranged in?

Netted. Parallel

What are the four functions of the leaf?

Make food (photosynthesis). Gaseous exchange (stomata). Allow transpiration. Store food in plants like cabbage and lettuce

Where are stomata located?

underside of the leaf

Function of the flower

Reproduction

What happens to buds after a flower is formed?

They don't grow anymore

What does a flower consist of?

Groups of modified leaves arranged in whorls e.g. petals, stamen, carpel

Meristem (definition)

The region of active cell division in a plant

Where are apical meristems found?

Tip of shoot and root. Buds. Vascular buds of some stems

Draw a diagram of a plant's flower

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Dermal tissue (function)

Protection

Dermal tissue (location)

Surface of the plant

Ground tissue (location)

between dermal and vascular tissue

Ground tissue (function)

Photosynthesis in the leaf. Support

Vascular tissue (location)

Veins of leaves, vascular bundles of stems

Vascular tissue (function)

transport materials around the plant

Draw the longitudinal section of a root

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Draw the Transverse section of a root

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Air spaces in leaf (function)

Loosely packed to each other to allow rapid diffusion of gases in and out

What is the name of the ground tissue in the leaf?

Palisade mesophyll cells

Draw diagram of a leaf

...

Where is the vascular tissue located in flowering plants?

Veins of leaves. Vascular bundles. Core of root

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

Xylem. Phloem

Xylem (function)

Transport water and minerals up the plant. Provide support

What are the two types of cells in xylem tissue?

Tracheids. Vessels

Features of xylem tracheids

Long narrow cells, pits in walls, dead and hollow, end walls with gaps, walls have lignin

Draw a xylem tracheid

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Features of xylem vessels

Hollow, dead cells. Contain lignin. No end walls. Form a continuous pipe. Wider than tracheids

What are the features of xylem vessels that make them suitable for conducting/carrying?

Lack end walls, hollow and dead, continuous tube

Draw a xylem vessel

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Phloem (functions)

Transport sugars up and down the plant. Transport plant growth regulators.

Translocation

Movement of food in the phloem

What are the two types of cells in phloem tissue?

Sieve tube cells. Companion cells

Sieve tubes features

Have end walls with gaps (cell plates). No nucleus.

Draw a sieve tube

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Differences between Xylem and Phloem (Xylem)

Dead at maturity, lignified, transports water and minerals, provides support

Differences between Xylem and Phloem (Phloem)

Living, not lignified, transport sucrose and auxins (plant growth hormones)

Cotyledon (definition)

Embryonic seed leaf

Cotyledon (function)

Provides nutrients for the developing embryo plants

Monocotyledons (definition)

Have one seed leaf

Dicotyledons (definition)

Have two seed leaves

Differences between Monocots and Dicots (Monocots)

Vascular bundles are scattered. Parallel leaf veination. Petals in multiples of three. Herbaceous.

Differences between Monocots and Dicots (Dicots)

Vascular bundles in ring pattern. Netted leaf veination. Petals in multiples of 4 or 5. Woody or herbaceous

examples of monocots

Grass, onions

Examples of Dicots

Roses, dandelions

Function of apical bud

Will produce the following year's growth

When does a leaf scar occur?

Occurs when a leaf falls off

When does a scale scar occur and how to examine a year's growth?

Marks the location of previous apical buds. Difference between 2 scale scars indicates one year's growth

What is a herbaceous plant?

Doesn't contain wood

What is a woody plant?

contains wood

Lenticels (function)

Gas exchange

Difference between lenticels and stomata

Lenticels found on woody stems. Stomata found on leaves

Name the four root zones

Differentiation, elongation, meristematic, protection

Differentiation zone

Contains three types of tissue (dermal, ground, vascular)

Elongation Zone

Cells increase in size/stretch. Plant growth hormones and active

Meristematic Zone

New cells of mitosis, rapid growth

Protection Zone

Root cap protects root