Mineralogy Lab Test

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Last updated 2:06 AM on 12/4/23
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65 Terms

1
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Quartz handsample

SiO2

tectosilicate

hardness of 7

fracture

<p>SiO2</p><p>tectosilicate</p><p>hardness of 7</p><p>fracture</p>
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<p>Quartz under the microscope</p>

Quartz under the microscope

PPL-low relief and colorless

XPL-wavy extinction

no cleavage-fracture

UNIAXIAL POSITIVE

<p>PPL-low relief and colorless</p><p>XPL-wavy extinction</p><p>no cleavage-fracture</p><p>UNIAXIAL POSITIVE</p><p></p>
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Feldspars- Orthoclase, Albite, Anorthite handsamples

tectosilicates

cleavage of about 90 in 2 planes

striations

hardness of 6

ortho-pink

albite-white

anorthite-darker color

<p>tectosilicates</p><p>cleavage of about 90 in 2 planes</p><p>striations</p><p>hardness of 6</p><p></p><p>ortho-pink</p><p>albite-white</p><p>anorthite-darker color</p>
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<p>Orthoclase Feldspar- K feldspar/ Microcline</p>

Orthoclase Feldspar- K feldspar/ Microcline

KAlSi3O8

PPL-colorless, low relief

XPL- plaid twinning/cross-hatched twin pattern

*can have dots of clay bc breaks into clay

<p>KAlSi3O8</p><p>PPL-colorless, low relief</p><p>XPL- plaid twinning/cross-hatched twin pattern</p><p>*can have dots of clay bc breaks into clay</p>
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<p>Plagioclase Feldspar-Albite and Anorthite </p>

Plagioclase Feldspar-Albite and Anorthite

Albite-NaAlSi3O8

Anorthite-CaAl2Si3O8

PPL-low positive relief, colorless

XPL-black/white/grey zebra pattern

*can have dots of clay

<p>Albite-NaAlSi3O8</p><p>Anorthite-CaAl2Si3O8</p><p>PPL-low positive relief, colorless</p><p>XPL-black/white/grey zebra pattern</p><p>*can have dots of clay </p>
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<p>Muscovite and Biotite hand samples </p>

Muscovite and Biotite hand samples

phyllosilicates

perfect cleavage plane-sheets

muscovite-clear

biotite-darker color

<p>phyllosilicates</p><p>perfect cleavage plane-sheets</p><p>muscovite-clear</p><p>biotite-darker color</p><p></p>
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<p>Muscovite </p>

Muscovite

KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH2)

PPL-colorless, cleavage planes become fainter/bolder with stage rotation, elongated

XPL-bright interference colors

<p>KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH2)</p><p>PPL-colorless, cleavage planes become fainter/bolder with stage rotation, elongated</p><p>XPL-bright interference colors</p>
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<p>Biotote</p>

Biotote

KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH2)

PPL- pleochroic for perpendicular cuts, elongated, brown to dark brown color, cleavage, positive relief

XPL-pinkish/green, birds-eye extinction

<p>KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH2)</p><p>PPL- pleochroic for perpendicular cuts, elongated, brown to dark brown color, cleavage, positive relief</p><p>XPL-pinkish/green, birds-eye extinction</p>
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pyroxene hand sample

two cleavage planes at 90

black/dark green

<p>two cleavage planes at 90 </p><p>black/dark green</p>
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<p>pyroxenes under the microscope </p>

pyroxenes under the microscope

inosilicates, opx= MgSiO3. cpx=CaMgSi2O6

single chain

prismatic crystals, 2 cleavage planes at 90, higher relief

OPX in PPL- yellow/brown

OPX in XPL- low birefringence- yellow/brown/extinct

CPX in PPL- colorless

CPX in XPL- high birefringence- blue/purple

<p>inosilicates, opx= MgSiO3. cpx=CaMgSi2O6</p><p>single chain</p><p>prismatic crystals, 2 cleavage planes at 90, higher relief</p><p>OPX in PPL- yellow/brown</p><p>OPX in XPL- low birefringence- yellow/brown/extinct</p><p>CPX in PPL- colorless</p><p>CPX in XPL- high birefringence- blue/purple</p>
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amphibole-hornblende in hand sample

black

thin, needle crystals, fibrous

cleavage at 120 and 60

double chain

<p>black</p><p>thin, needle crystals, fibrous</p><p>cleavage at 120 and 60</p><p>double chain</p>
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<p>hornblende under the microscope</p>

hornblende under the microscope

fibrous

PPL=pleochroism from pale green to almost clear ish green

clevage

XPL= yellow to extinction

<p>fibrous</p><p>PPL=pleochroism from pale green to almost clear ish green</p><p>clevage</p><p>XPL= yellow to extinction</p>
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<p>olivine handsample </p>

olivine handsample

nesosilicate

Mg2SiO4 or (Fe,Mg)2SiO4

green, sugary crystals no cleavage

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<p>olivine under the microscope</p>

olivine under the microscope

PPL- clear, no cleavage, high relief, round crystals

XPL-high birefringence

<p>PPL- clear, no cleavage, high relief, round crystals</p><p>XPL-high birefringence </p>
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Calcite handsample

carbonate

CaCO3

perfect rhombohedral cleavage-occurs when there are three cleavage planes intersecting at angles that are not 90 degrees

fizzes with acid

Translucent

hardness of three

<p>carbonate </p><p>CaCO3</p><p><span>perfect rhombohedral cleavage-</span><strong>occurs when there are three cleavage planes intersecting at angles that are not 90 degrees</strong></p><p><span>fizzes with acid</span></p><p><span>Translucent </span></p><p><span>hardness of three</span></p>
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<p>Calcite under the microscope </p>

Calcite under the microscope

high birefringence

lamellae

<p>high birefringence </p><p>lamellae</p>
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<p>Garnet handsample</p>

Garnet handsample

red, round crystals, sugary in some samples

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<p>Garnet under the microscope</p>

Garnet under the microscope

PPL-high relief, black/deep red color, round, irregular fractures

XPL- isotropic

<p>PPL-high relief, black/deep red color, round, irregular fractures</p><p>XPL- isotropic</p>
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Tremolite hand sample

colorless/white

fibrous- needle-like crystals

splintery

can scratch glass

<p>colorless/white</p><p>fibrous- needle-like crystals</p><p>splintery</p><p>can scratch glass</p>
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Actinolite hand sample

dark green color

larger elongated fibrous crystals

<p>dark green color </p><p>larger elongated fibrous crystals </p>
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Hornblende hand sample

black

thin needle crystals

cleavage at 120 and 60

<p>black</p><p>thin needle crystals</p><p>cleavage at 120 and 60</p>
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Cummingtonite hand sample

white sugary matrix with black/green thin needle crystals

<p>white sugary matrix with black/green thin needle crystals</p>
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Glaucophane hand sample

purple/ lavender long needle crystals

brown/ green matrix

<p>purple/ lavender long needle crystals </p><p>brown/ green matrix</p>
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Lepidolite hand sample

  1. hardness= 2.5-4; cannot scratch glass.

  2. purple Mica

  3. hexagonal

  4. micaceous cleavage

  5. pearly Luster

  6. color: pink/lilac

<ol><li><p>hardness= 2.5-4; cannot scratch glass.</p></li><li><p>purple Mica</p></li><li><p>hexagonal</p></li><li><p>micaceous cleavage</p></li><li><p>pearly Luster</p></li><li><p>color: pink/lilac</p></li></ol>
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Fuchsite hand sample

light green

pearly luster=mica

<p>light green</p><p>pearly luster=mica</p>
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Phlogopite hand sample

  1. flexible, but not elastic

  2. forms thin sheets that can easily be separated

  3. perfect basal "micaceous" cleavage

  4. yellowish-brown color with "copper-like" reflection off of cleavage surface

  5. vitreous to pearly-like all micas

  6. hardness = 2-2.5; will not scratch glass

the in between of muscovite and biotite

<ol><li><p>flexible, but not elastic</p></li><li><p>forms thin sheets that can easily be separated</p></li><li><p>perfect basal "micaceous" cleavage</p></li><li><p>yellowish-brown color with "copper-like" reflection off of cleavage surface</p></li><li><p>vitreous to pearly-like all micas</p></li><li><p>hardness = 2-2.5; will not scratch glass</p></li></ol><p>the in between of muscovite and biotite</p>
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Kaolinite hand sample

powdery, soft, white

<p>powdery, soft, white</p>
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Sericite hand sample

light green, sugary, fracture

<p>light green, sugary, fracture </p>
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Chlorite hand sample

  1. basal cleavage

  2. hardness = 2-2.5; does not scratch glass

  3. various shades of green

  4. flexible, but not elastic

  5. vitreous to pearly luster

<ol><li><p>basal cleavage</p></li><li><p>hardness = 2-2.5; does not scratch glass</p></li><li><p>various shades of green</p></li><li><p>flexible, but not elastic</p></li><li><p>vitreous to pearly luster</p></li></ol>
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Serpentine hand sample

green

basal cleavage

<p>green </p><p>basal cleavage </p>
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Talc hand sample

soapy/slippery

light green/white

<p>soapy/slippery </p><p>light green/white </p>
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<p>Clinopyroxene-pyroxene hand sample </p>

Clinopyroxene-pyroxene hand sample

Augite:

  • pyroxene cleavage: two planes intersect at 87° and 93° angles

  • vitreous luster

  • color: dark green to black (darker than diopside)

  • forms prismatic or blocky, equant crystals

  • hardness: 5-6; specific gravity: ~3.3

Diopside

  • pyroxene: 2 cleavages intersect at 87° and 93° angles

  • forms prismatic or blocky and equant crystals. also granular massive, columnar, and lamellar.

  • sometimes twinned

  •  to pale green (paler than Augite)

  • hardness: 5-6, specific Gravity: ~3.3, luster:
    vitreous

<p>Augite:</p><ul><li><p>pyroxene cleavage: two planes intersect at 87° and 93° angles</p></li><li><p>vitreous luster</p></li><li><p>color: dark green to black (darker than diopside)</p></li><li><p>forms prismatic or blocky, equant crystals</p></li><li><p>hardness: 5-6; specific gravity: ~3.3</p></li></ul><p>Diopside</p><ul><li><p>pyroxene: 2 cleavages intersect at 87° and 93° angles</p></li><li><p>forms prismatic or blocky and equant crystals. also granular massive, columnar, and lamellar.</p></li><li><p>sometimes twinned</p></li><li><p> to pale green (paler than Augite)</p></li><li><p>hardness: 5-6, specific Gravity: ~3.3, luster:<br>vitreous</p></li></ul>
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Andalusite hand sample

X

Andalusite offers a variety of muted colors (pink, salmon-red, pale brown, green, yellow or white) that reflect an iridescent quality, where the surface changes color depending on the angle at which it is viewed or illuminated.

<p>X</p><p><span>Andalusite offers a variety of muted colors (pink, salmon-red, pale brown, green, yellow or white) that reflect an iridescent quality, where the surface changes color depending on the angle at which it is viewed or illuminated.</span></p>
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Kyanite hand sample

1.color: usually blue (but variable)

2.bladed

  1. vitreous to pearly

  2. hardness variable depending upon axis

(4.5-7)

  1. white streak

  2. associated with aluminium rich metamorphic rocks (esp. blueschists)

<p>1.color: usually blue (but variable)</p><p>2.bladed</p><ol><li><p>vitreous to pearly</p></li><li><p>hardness variable depending upon axis</p></li></ol><p>(4.5-7)</p><ol><li><p>white streak</p></li><li><p>associated with aluminium rich metamorphic rocks (esp. blueschists)</p></li></ol>
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Sillimanite hand sample

small white long crystals

<p>small white long crystals </p>
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Staurolite hand sample

  • usually in crystals, not normally massive

  • pseudo-orthorhombic crystals with cruciform twins usually intersecting at ~90° or 60°

  • hardness: 7-7.5; specific gravity: ~3.7

  • luster: resinous to vitreous when fresh, dull when altered or impure

  • distinguished from andalusite by its obtuse prism and red-brown to brown color

  • associated with pyralspite garnet, muscovite, and biotite

  • formed from medium-grade metamorphism of
    Al-rich rocks

<ul><li><p>usually in crystals, not normally massive</p></li><li><p>pseudo-orthorhombic crystals with cruciform twins usually intersecting at ~90° or 60°</p></li><li><p>hardness: 7-7.5; specific gravity: ~3.7</p></li><li><p>luster: resinous to vitreous when fresh, dull when altered or impure</p></li><li><p>distinguished from andalusite by its obtuse prism and red-brown to brown color</p></li><li><p>associated with pyralspite garnet, muscovite, and biotite</p></li><li><p>formed from medium-grade metamorphism of<br>Al-rich rocks</p></li></ul>
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Beryl hand sample

7.5 hardness

range of colors- greenish in this sample

hexagonal crystal

<p>7.5 hardness </p><p>range of colors- greenish in this sample </p><p>hexagonal crystal</p>
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Tourmaline hand sample

columnar crystals

dark green/black

<p>columnar crystals</p><p>dark green/black</p>
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Wollastonite hand sample

  1. triclinic

  2. splintery/elongate crystals

  3. vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces

  4. white, colorless to grey

  5. two perfect cleavages @ ~ 90°

<ol><li><p>triclinic</p></li><li><p>splintery/elongate crystals</p></li><li><p>vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces</p></li><li><p>white, colorless to grey</p></li><li><p>two perfect cleavages @ ~ 90°</p></li></ol>
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Plagioclase (Albite and Anorthite) hand sample

cleavage at 90

Albite=white

Anorthite=darker, grey

  1. hardness= 6; scratches glass

  2. luster: Vitreous to pearly

  3. , gray, blue-gray

  4. triclinic

  5. twinning, striations

  6. tabular crystals

  7. this specimen "labradorescence" (play of colors)

<p>cleavage at 90</p><p>Albite=white </p><p>Anorthite=darker, grey</p><ol><li><p>hardness= 6; scratches glass</p></li><li><p>luster: Vitreous to pearly</p></li><li><p>, gray, blue-gray</p></li><li><p>triclinic</p></li><li><p>twinning, striations</p></li><li><p>tabular crystals</p></li><li><p>this specimen "labradorescence" (play of colors)</p></li></ol>
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<p>Orthoclase (k-spar/microcline) hand sample </p>

Orthoclase (k-spar/microcline) hand sample

  1. hardness= 6; scratches glass

  2. luster: vitreous

  3. , pale yellow, red, green

  4. triclinic crystals

  5. 2 directions cleavage

7. amazonite, green variety of microcline

<ol><li><p>hardness= 6; scratches glass</p></li><li><p>luster: vitreous</p></li><li><p>, pale yellow, red, green</p></li><li><p>triclinic crystals</p></li><li><p>2 directions cleavage</p></li></ol><p>7. amazonite, green variety of microcline</p>
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Nepheline hand sample

similar to plagioclase, no striations, poor cleavage

<p>similar to plagioclase, no striations, poor cleavage</p>
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Sodalite hand sample

color: typically blue

hardness: 5.5-6, Specific Gravity: -2, cleavage: poor

commonly massive, in embedded grains. commonly associated with nepheline and cancrinite and other feldspathoids in nepheline syenites, trachytes, phonolites, ect...

<p>color: typically blue</p><p>hardness: 5.5-6, Specific Gravity: -2, cleavage: poor</p><p>commonly massive, in embedded grains. commonly associated with nepheline and cancrinite and other feldspathoids in nepheline syenites, trachytes, phonolites, ect...</p>
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Quartz hand sample

SiO2

  1. hardness= 7; scratches glass.

  2. clear, six-sided crystals (hexagonal)|

  3. conchoidal fracture

  4. "parallel lines" on side faces

  5. dark color from irradiation and trace amounts of AI3+

  6. "color" (for varieties)

<p>SiO2</p><ol><li><p>hardness= 7; scratches glass.</p></li><li><p>clear, six-sided crystals (hexagonal)|</p></li><li><p>conchoidal fracture</p></li><li><p>"parallel lines" on side faces</p></li><li><p>dark color from irradiation and trace amounts of AI3+</p></li><li><p>"color" (for varieties)</p></li></ol>
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Hematite hand sample

red or metallic

red/brown streak

<p>red or metallic</p><p>red/brown streak</p>
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Corundum hand sample

  1. hexagonal

  2. commonly shows parting perpendicular to long axis

  3. color: commonly shades of brown

  4. hardness = 9, very easily scratches glass

  5. high specific gravity

  6. conchoidal fracture

<ol><li><p>hexagonal</p></li><li><p>commonly shows parting perpendicular to long axis</p></li><li><p>color: commonly shades of brown</p></li><li><p>hardness = 9, very easily scratches glass</p></li><li><p>high specific gravity</p></li><li><p>conchoidal fracture</p></li></ol>
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Chromite hand sample

iron-black in color with a metallic luster, a dark brown streak and a hardness on the Mohs scale of 5.5.

<p><strong>iron-black in color with a metallic luster, a dark brown streak and a hardness on the Mohs scale of 5.5</strong><span>.</span></p>
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Magnetite hand sample

dark grey

magnetic

<p>dark grey</p><p>magnetic </p>
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Pyrite hand sample

brassy metallic luster, black streak, brittle fracture, hardness greater than that of glass, absence of cleavage and it is nonmagnetic

<p><strong>brassy metallic luster, black streak, brittle fracture, hardness greater than that of glass, absence of cleavage and it is nonmagnetic</strong></p>
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Chalcopyrite hand sample

Brass yellow, may have iridescent purplish tarnish.

greenish streak, softer than pyrite, brittle.

<p><strong><span>Brass yellow, may have iridescent purplish tarnish.</span></strong></p><p><span> greenish streak, softer than pyrite, brittle.</span></p>
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Galena hand sample

Perfect cleavage in three directions, forming cubes; brittle nature.

feels heavy

2.5 hardness

metallic

<p><span>Perfect cleavage in three directions, forming cubes; brittle nature.</span></p><p><span>feels heavy </span></p><p><span>2.5 hardness</span></p><p><span>metallic</span></p>
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Molybdenite hand sample

  1. hardness: 1-1.5 (can scratch with fingernail)

  2. luster: metallic

  3. color: lead gray

  4. perfect cleavage with flexible, inelastic layers

  5. streak: silver gray

<ol><li><p>hardness: 1-1.5 (can scratch with fingernail)</p></li><li><p>luster: metallic</p></li><li><p>color: lead gray</p></li><li><p>perfect cleavage with flexible, inelastic layers</p></li><li><p>streak: silver gray</p></li></ol>
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Sphalerite hand sample

non metallic with brilliant luster
sulfur smell with streak
harder than glass
dark brown color

<p><span>non metallic with brilliant luster</span><br><span>sulfur smell with streak</span><br><span>harder than glass</span><br><span>dark brown color</span></p>
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Stibnite hand sample

metallic luster

grey streak

hardness of 2

Crystals Shaped like Slender Prisms

<p>metallic luster </p><p>grey streak</p><p>hardness of 2 </p><p><span>Crystals Shaped like Slender Prisms</span></p>
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Graphite hand sample

hardness of 1

metallic

fracture

<p>hardness of 1</p><p>metallic </p><p>fracture </p>
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Sulfur hand sample

color- Yellow, sulphur-yellow, brownish or greenish yellow, orange, white

greasy luster

colorless streak

<p>color- <span>Yellow, sulphur-yellow, brownish or greenish yellow, orange, white</span></p><p><span>greasy luster</span></p><p><span>colorless streak</span></p><p></p>
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Halite hand sample

clear or white

salty

cubic cleavage

2.5 hardness

<p>clear or white</p><p>salty</p><p>cubic cleavage</p><p>2.5 hardness</p>
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Fluorite hand sample

  1. hardness= 4; doesn't scratch glass

  2. luster: vitreous

  3. color: light green, yellow, blue, purple, white

  4. isometric

  5. cubic crystals

  6. octahedral cleavage

<ol><li><p>hardness= 4; doesn't scratch glass</p></li><li><p>luster: vitreous</p></li><li><p>color: light green, yellow, blue, purple, white</p></li><li><p>isometric</p></li><li><p>cubic crystals</p></li><li><p>octahedral cleavage</p></li></ol>
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Calcite hand sample

CaCO3

non metallic
clevage-rhombohedral
white color/streak
reacts with HCL vigorously

<p>CaCO3</p><p><span>non metallic<br>clevage-rhombohedral<br>white color/streak<br>reacts with HCL vigorously</span></p>
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Rhodocrosite hand sample

rose-red colour, but it can also be shades of pink to pale brown. It streaks white, and its Mohs hardness varies between 3.5 and 4.5. Its specific gravity is between 3.45 and 3.6.

<p><span>rose-red colour, but it can also be shades of pink to pale brown. It streaks white, and its </span><strong>Mohs hardness varies between 3.5 and 4.5.</strong><span> </span><strong>Its specific gravity is between 3.45 and 3.6</strong><span>.</span></p>
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Malachite hand sample

Green color, soft, effervesces with dilute HCl to produce a green liquid

<p><span>Green color, soft, effervesces with dilute HCl to produce a green liquid</span></p>
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Dolomite hand sample

Transparent to translucent crystals are typically colorless, white, gray or pink, but if iron impurities are present can be red, brown or even black. In massive form, dolomite is typically buff, gray, or white.

perfect cleavage in three directions

<p><span>Transparent to translucent crystals are typically colorless, white, gray or pink, but if iron impurities are present can be red, brown or even black. In massive form, dolomite is typically buff, gray, or white.</span></p><p></p><p><span>perfect cleavage in three directions </span></p>
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<p>Barite hand sample </p>

Barite hand sample

Color

White
Gray
Colorless

Hardness

3 to 3.5

Specific gravity

4.5

Cleavage

Perfect (001), good (010) and
{210}

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Gypsum hand sample

cleavage in one perfect direction

scratch with fingernail

clear/transparent

<p>cleavage in one perfect direction</p><p>scratch with fingernail</p><p>clear/transparent </p>
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Apatite hand sample

typically green, brown, blue, or yellow, and it has a hardness of 5 on the Mohs scale. It has a specific gravity of around 3.2 to 3.4, and it typically has a hexagonal crystal structure

<p><strong>typically green, brown, blue, or yellow, and it has a hardness of 5 on the Mohs scale.</strong><span> </span><strong>It has a specific gravity of around 3.2 to 3.4, and it typically has a hexagonal crystal structure</strong></p>