Dev Psyc 2 - Fertilization to Heredity

Fertilization

also called conception is the process by which sperm and ovum

Zygote

the male and female gametes, or sex cells- combine to create a single cell called

Dizygotic twins

Twins conceived by the union of two different sperm cells

Fraternal twins

Monozygotic Twins

Twins resulting from division of a single zygote after fertilization

Identical twins

Genetic Code

Heredity the inborn factors, inherited from one’s biological parents that affect development.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The basis of heredity

A-T, C-G

chemical units bases of dna

chromosomes

coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments called genes

genes

the functional units of heredity.

DNA

is the genetic material in all living cells

Autosomes

twenty-two pairs of our 23 pairs of chromosomes these are chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression.

Sex chromosomes

the twenty-third pair- one from the father and one from the mother- that govern the baby’s sex

XY

XX

Father has ____ chromosomes

Mother has _____ chromosomes

Alpha thalassemia

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

• severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen; nearly all affected infants are still born or die soon after birth.

Cystic Fibrosis

overproduction of mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally; short life span; the most common inherited lethal defect among white people.

Hemophilia

Excessive bleeding, usually affecting males; in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood.

Phenylketonuria

metabolic disorder resulting in intellectual disability.

Tay-Sachs Disease

Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5

Incomplete Dominance

Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.

Sex linked inheritance

Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

typically occur because of errors in cell division, resulting in an extra or missing chromosome.

XYY

Male; tall stature; tendency toward low IQ, especially verbal

XXX (Triple X)

Female; normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, intellectual disability

XXY (Klinefelter)

Male; sterility, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders

XO (Turner)

Female; short stature, webbed neck, impaired spatial abilities, no menstruation, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs

Fragile X

Minor-to-severe intellectual disability more severe in males; delayed speech and motor development, hyperactivity; the most common inherited form of intellectual disability

Genetic Counseling

Clinical service that advices prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.

Heritability

statistical estimate of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population

Family Studies

researchers measure the degree to which biological relatives share certain traits and whether the closeness of the familiar relationship is associated with the degree of similarity.

Adoption Studies

look at similarities between adopted children and their adoptive families and also between adopted children and their biological families.

Twin Studies

compare pairs of monozygotic twins with the same-sex dizygotic twins.

Concordance

term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder

Genotype-Environment Interaction

The portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different to similar environmental conditions.

Genotype-Environment Correlation

Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other.

Passive, Reactive, Active

Types of Genotype-Environment Correlation

passive correlation

parents, who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait, also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait.

the child has no control over it

Reactive Correlation

children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions form adults,

the parents react to the child’s genetic makeup.

Passive correlation

a musical parent is likely to create a home environment in which music is heard regularly, to give a child music lessons, and to take the child to musical events.

Reactive Correlation

parents who are not musically inclined may make a special effort to provide musical experiences for a child who shows interest and ability in music.

Active Correlation

An adolescent with a talent for music will probably seek out musical friends, take music classes, and go to concerts if such opportunities are available

Niche-picking

tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype is called

Active Correlation

As children get older and have more freedom to choose their own activities and environment, they actively select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies.