Topic 4 - Industrial Revolution

Henry Bessemer/Henry Kelly

Bessemer Steel Process (made steel cheaper and of higher quality)

Alfred Nobel

Created dynamite

Michael Faraday

Created the first electric motor and the first dynamo (machine that generates electricity)

Thomas Edison

Created the lightbulb

Interchangeable parts

Started to be used by factories, were identical components that can be used to replace each other)

Assembly line

Created by Henry Ford, and in automobile industry, broke a hard job into smaller parts (boosted efficiency and lowered costs)

What did the German engineers create?

The first gas powered automobile

Who made the first airplane?

Orville and Wilbur Wright

Radio?

Guglielmo Marconi

Telegraph?

Samuel Morse

Telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell

What are cartels?

Associations created to fix prices and limit competition

What did Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch do?

They proved microbes caused diseases

What did Florence Nightingale and Joseph Lister do?

They promoted sanitation and antiseptic practices, reducing post-surgical deaths

What city underwent major urban renewal?

Paris rebuilt its poor slums

Where did the urban poor live?

Tenements, crowded buildings that housed disease and unsanitary condition

How did cities draw millions?

Job opportunities and culture

What are labor laws?

Government passed laws that aimed to improve working life

How did the social classes change?

Before: nobility, peasants

After: upper class, middle class, lower/working class

What were some middle class values?

Discipline, appearances

What was the cult of domesticity?

Things that promoted the idea of women staying at home and managing the household

What rights were limited for women during this time?

Marriage, divorce, voting and property ownership rights

What were a lot of women in favor for?

The Temperance Movement (banning/limiting alcohol)

Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton?

Famous advocate for women's rights

What were some of the first places women gained the right to vote?

New Zealand, Australia, and certain western US territories

Who was Sojourner Truth?

An advocate for women's rights and escaped slave

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Key movement in women's suffrage

What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?

most people lived rural, self-sufficient lives w/ limited travel due to lack of knowledge

What was the Agricultural Revolution?

-Pioneered by Dutch

-Used dikes, livestock fertilizers, etc

-The British built on that

--Used crop rotation, soil mixing and Jethro Tull’s seed drill (planted seeds in neat rows)

What are “enclosures”?

-It’s used by wealthy land owners

-land used to test out different farming techniques

What are the affects of the Agricultural Revolution?

-population boom

-reduced famine risk

-people ate healthier

-paved the way for the Industrial Revolution

Thomas Newcomen-

-developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines

-His invention was improved by James Watt

Abraham Darby-

-used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron

-made iron cheaper and higher quality

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

-resources

-labor

-capital

-entrepreneurship

What was the first industry to undergo changes from the Industrial Revolution?

The textile industry

John Kay-

Flying Shuttle

James Hargreaves-

Spinning Jenny

Richard Arkwrite-

Water Frame

Eli Whitney-

Cotton Gin

The worlds first major rail line-

Liverpool to Manchester

After Great Britain, what other countries started to catch up?

Belgium, Germany, US

Urbanization

Movement of people to cities

Utilitarianism

The belief that the main goal of governments should be to make the people happy

Utilitarianism advocates-

Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill

Socialism

The collect ownership of the means of production

Robert Owen community-

-advocated socialism

-was a model of a socialist government

-opposed child labor

Communism-

Collective ownership of all property, everyone gets the same amount of money

Karl Marx

Communism creator

German philosopher

Believed workers will overthrow capitalism

John Dalton-

-created the modern atomic theory

-proved atoms have unique atoms

-created basis for the periodic table

What advance in geology and archaeology challenged traditional biblical views?

-the suggestion that Earth was billions of years old

Charles Darwin

-natural selection theory

-proved that all life evolves over time

-caused a lot of uproar with Christians

What is Social Darwinism?

-applied the natural selection theory to society

-popularized by Herber Spencer

-encouraged and defended racism and white supremacy

What did religious groups do during this time?

-created charities to help poor

-mostly Christian and Jewish groups

-Salvation Army, St. Vincent de Paul Society

Romanticism

-focused on imagination, freedom, and emotion

-rebelled against the Enlightenment

Famous Romantism Artists

Ludwig Van Beethoven - German composer

William Wordsworth - poet, launched cultural movement of poetry

Lord Byron - political and social satirist

-Three Musketeers (Alexandre Dumas) and the Hunchback of Notre Dame (Victor Hugo)

J.M.W. Turner and Eugène Delacroix - artists

What is Realism?

Art style that focuses on the world the way it is

Realism artists-

Charles Dickens - author (Oliver Twist)

Henrik Ibsen - actor

Gustave Courbet - artist focusing on painting working class

Louis Daguerre - inventor of photography

What is Impressionism?

Art that tries to capture the first fleeting moments of something

Impressionist artists-

Claude Monet and Vincent Van Gogh - painter