MK KNOW BRUH

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/838

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

839 Terms

1
New cards

Nephron

Basic structural unit of kidney

2
New cards

Urethra (Female)

3-4 cm

3
New cards

Urethra (Male)

20 cm

4
New cards

Urine formation (order)

Glomerulus Bowman's capsule PCT Loop of Henle DCT CD

5
New cards

PCT

65% of reabsorption

6
New cards

ADH

Regulate H2O reabsorption in DCT and CD

7
New cards

Urine composition

95-97% H2O, 3-5% solids, 60g TS in 24 hrs

8
New cards

Organic solids in urine

35g: Urea (major)

9
New cards

Inorganic solids in urine

25g: Cl (#1) > Na+ > K+

10
New cards

Glomerular Filtration

Clearance tests evaluate glomerular filtration

11
New cards

Creatinine clearance

Formula: Cc = U x V x 1.73 / P x A

12
New cards

Normal creatinine clearance values (Male)

107-139 mL/min

13
New cards

Normal creatinine clearance values (Female)

87-107 mL/min

14
New cards

Tubular Reabsorption

1st function to be affected in renal disease

15
New cards

Concentration tests

Evaluate tubular reabsorption

16
New cards

Fishberg test

Patient is deprived of fluid for 24hrs then measure urine SG (SG ≥ 1.026)

17
New cards

Mosenthal test

Compare day and night urine in terms of volume and SG

18
New cards

Specific Gravity

Influenced by # and density of particles in a solution

19
New cards

Osmolarity

Influenced by # of particles in a solution

20
New cards

Freezing point depression principle

- 1 Osm or 1000 mOsm/kg of H2O will lower the FP of H2O (0'C) by 1.86'C

21
New cards

Example calculation for Osm

Determine Osm in mOsm/kg: Temp. = -0.90'C, Solution: 1000 mOsm/kg = _ _x____ -1.86'C -0.90'C, x = 484 mOsm/kg

22
New cards

PAH test

p-aminohippuric acid

23
New cards

PSP test

Phensulfonphthalein test, obsolete, results are hard to interpret

24
New cards

Methods of Collection

Midstream/Catheterized, Urine culture, Suprapubic aspiration, Anaerobic urine culture

25
New cards

3 glass technique

For detection of prostatic infection: 1st portion of voided urine, Middle portion of voided urine: Serves as control for kidney and bladder infection, If (+), result for #3 is considered invalid

26
New cards

Prostatic infection

1 < 3 (10x)

27
New cards

Chain of custody

Step by step documentation of handling and testing of legal specimen

28
New cards

Required amount for drug specimen collection

30-45 mL

29
New cards

Temperature for urine specimen

32.5-35.7'C (within 4 mins)

30
New cards

Blueing agent

Used in toilet bowl to prevent adulteration

31
New cards

Types of Urine Specimen

Occasional/Single/Random, Routine, Qualitative UA, 24 hr, 12 hr, 4 hr, 1st morning, Fasting/2nd morning

32
New cards

Addis count

Measure of formed elements in the urine using hemacytometer

33
New cards

Nitrite determination

1st morning/4 hr; NO3 to NO2 indicates (+) UTI

34
New cards

Ideal specimen for routine UA

Most concentrated and most acidic = preservation of cells and casts

35
New cards

Changes in Unpreserved Urine

Decreased clarity, bacterial multiplication, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen; Increased pH, urea, bacteria, odor, nitrite

36
New cards

Contamination vs True infection

Contamination: Increased Bacteria; True infection: Increased Bacteria and WBCs

37
New cards

Preservation methods for urine

Refrigeration (2-8'C), Formalin, Boric acid, Sodium fluoride

38
New cards

Physical Examination of Urine

Volume NV: 24 hr = 600-1200 mL; Night: Day ratio = 1:2 to 1:3

39
New cards

Polyuria

Increased urine volume; Diabetes Mellitus: increased volume, increased SG; Diabetes Insipidus: increased volume, decreased SG

40
New cards

Oliguria

Decreased urine volume due to calculus/kidney tumors or dehydration

41
New cards

Anuria

Complete cessation of urine flow

42
New cards

Nocturia

>500mL with SG <1.018

43
New cards

Urine color

Indicates degree of hydration; should correlate with urine SG

44
New cards

Urine pigments

1. Urochrome: Major pigment (yellow); 2. Uroerythrin: Pink pigment

45
New cards

Urochrome

Production is directly proportional to metabolic rate; increased in thyrotoxicosis, fever, starvation

46
New cards

Uroerythrin

May deposit in amorphous urates and uric acid crystals

47
New cards

Urobilin

Dark yellow/orange; imparts an orange-brown color to a urine which is not fresh.

48
New cards

Bilirubin

Oxidized to Biliverdin.

49
New cards

Normal Urine Color

Colorless to deep yellow.

50
New cards

Abnormal Urine Color

Red/red brown (most common), colorless/pale yellow, amber, orange, yellow-green, green, blue-green.

51
New cards

Amber Urine

Indicates bilirubin presence (yellow foam).

52
New cards

Orange Urine

Caused by Pyridium (treatment for UTI); presents as yellow/orange foam, orange and viscous.

53
New cards

Yellow-green Urine

Indicates the presence of certain pigments.

54
New cards

Green Urine

Associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

55
New cards

Blue-green Urine

Caused by Clorets, methylene blue, or phenol.

56
New cards

Indican

Blue color associated with Hartnup disease or Blue diaper syndrome.

57
New cards

Cloudy/Smoky Red Urine

Indicates hematuria (intact RBCs).

58
New cards

Clear Red Urine

Indicates hemoglobin or myoglobin presence.

59
New cards

Brown/Black Urine

Indicates methemoglobin (acid urine) or homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria); urine darkens after a period of standing.

60
New cards

Cola-colored Urine

Caused by Levodopa (treatment for Parkinsonism).

61
New cards

Red to Brown Urine

Caused by Mepacrine/Atabrine (treatment for malaria, giardiasis).

62
New cards

Red to Brown Urine (Metronidazole)

Caused by Metronidazole/Flagyl (treatment for trichomoniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis).

63
New cards

Bright Orange-red Urine

Caused by Phenazopyridine/pyridium (treatment for UTI).

64
New cards

Bright Yellow Urine

Indicates riboflavin (multivitamins) presence.

65
New cards

Nubecula

Faint cloud in urine after a period of standing; indicates WBCs, epithelial cells, and mucus.

66
New cards

Clarity of Urine

Clear: transparent, no visible particulates; hazy: few particulates; cloudy: many particulates; turbid: print cannot be seen.

67
New cards

Specific Gravity (SG)

Density of solution compared with density of similar volume of distilled H2O at a similar temperature; normal value is 1.003-1.035.

68
New cards

Isosthenuria

Specific gravity of 1.010 (glomerular filtrate).

69
New cards

Hyposthenuria

Specific gravity less than 1.010.

70
New cards

Hypersthenuria

Specific gravity greater than 1.010.

71
New cards

Urine Odor

Normal is aromatic/odorless; abnormal odors include ammoniacal (from urea), fruity/sweet (from DM), and others.

72
New cards

Harmonic Oscillation

A repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value.

73
New cards

Densitometry

The measurement of the density of a substance, often used in medical diagnostics.

74
New cards

Frequency of soundwave

The rate at which a soundwave enters a solution, changing in proportion to the density (SG) of the solution.

75
New cards

pH Normal Range

The normal pH range for urine is 4.5-8.0.

76
New cards

1st morning urine pH

The pH of first morning urine is typically between 5.0-6.0.

77
New cards

pH 9.0

Indicates unpreserved urine.

78
New cards

Acid urine causes

Caused by DM (Ketone bodies), starvation (Ketone bodies), high protein diet, and cranberry juice (Tx: UTI).

79
New cards

Alkaline urine causes

Caused by after meal, vomiting, renal tubular acidosis, vegetarian diet.

80
New cards

Old specimen reaction

Urea reacts with Urease to produce NH3.

81
New cards

Double indicator system

Uses Methyl red and Bromthymol blue for pH measurement.

82
New cards

Normal protein value

Normal protein levels in urine are < 10 mg/dL or < 100 mg/24 hrs.

83
New cards

Pre-renal proteinuria

Occurs prior to reaching the kidney due to intravascular hemolysis, muscle injury, severe inflammation, or multiple myeloma.

84
New cards

Bence-Jones protein

Ig light chains that precipitate at 40-60°C and dissolve at 100°C, seen in multiple myeloma.

85
New cards

Renal proteinuria

Results from glomerular and tubular disorders, including diabetic nephropathy and Fanconi's syndrome.

86
New cards

Microalbuminuria

Proteinuria not detected by routine reagent strip.

87
New cards

Orthostatic proteinuria

Proteinuria occurring when standing due to pressure on renal veins.

88
New cards

Protein (Sorensen's) error

An error in protein measurement in urine due to indicator interference.

89
New cards

Cold precipitation test

A test that reacts equally to all types of protein, used to identify the presence of other proteins.

90
New cards

CSF protein testing

CSF protein is frequently tested using TCA (preferred) and SSA.

91
New cards

SSA Reactions (Protein)

A scale measuring turbidity in protein concentration from negative (< 6 mg/dL) to 4+ (> 400 mg/dL).

92
New cards

Glucose in urine

Most frequently tested in urine, indicating renal threshold of 160-180 mg/dL.

93
New cards

Fructose

A sugar found in fruits and honey syrup, elevated in certain conditions.

94
New cards

Galactose

Elevated in infants with enzyme deficiencies such as Galactosemia.

95
New cards

Lactose

Elevated during lactation or strict milk diets.

96
New cards

Hyperglycemia associated Glycosuria

Increased blood glucose leading to increased urine glucose, associated with conditions like DM and Cushing's syndrome.

97
New cards

Fanconi's syndrome

Defective tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acids.

98
New cards

Double sequential enzyme reaction

A method involving glucose oxidase and peroxidase.

99
New cards

Chromogen

A substance that changes color in a chemical reaction, such as KI (Brown) and Tetramethylbenzidine (Blue).

100
New cards

Copper Reduction test (Clinitest)

A test that relies on the ability of glucose and other substances to reduce CuSO4 to Cu2O in the presence of alkali and heat.