bio eoc vocab!

biodiversity

Variation within a population

generalists

Can eat a variety of foods and thrive in a range of habitats

ex) Raccoons

specialists

Have a limited diet and stricter habitat requirements

ex) Panda

ecotourism

Form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecosystems

1. Lithosphere

2. Hydrosphere

3. Biosphere

4. Atmosphere

4 systems of earth

nonrenewable resources

Used faster than they form

ex) Oil, coal

renewable resources

Replenished faster than they are used

ex) Wind, solar, hydroelectric

pollution

Any undesirable factor that is added to air, water, or soil

• Directly affect air, water, and soil quality

greenhouse effect

Some sunlight gets trapped by greenhouse gases; act as a blanket that keep Earth at relatively stable temperature

greenhouse gases

Water, vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide

biomagnification

Occurs when a pollutant moves up a food chain and accumulates in higher concentrations in the bodies of predators

sustainable development

A practice in which natural resources are used and managed in a way that meets the current needs without harming future generations

umbrella species

Organisms that are placed under protection which positively impacts other species

ex) Protection of manatees

metabolism

a sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism

catabolism

the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

law of conservation of matter

matter cannot be created or destroyed

endergonic reaction

input of energy → products will have more energy than reactants

exergonic reaction

release of energy → reactants will have more energy than products

enzymes

proteins that are catalysts, speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

NOT permanently changed or used up

sensitive to changes in temperature and pH

activation energy

energy needed to start a reaction

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of the reaction by LOWERING activation energy required

enzyme substrate complex

substrate: reactants

active site: place where the substrates bind to the enzyme

enzyme + bonded substrates = enzyme substrate complex

catabolic

-breakdown

-release energy

anabolic

-build up

-store energy

allosteric enzymes

have allosteric site necessary for binding

allosteric activation

effector molecules

bind to allosteric site and modify the shape of the enzyme to allow substrate to bind

allosteric activation

denaturation

destruction of protein structure

inhibitor molecule

changes the shape of the enzyme by binding to the allosteric site

non-competitive inhibition

-substrate is unable to bind due to shape change

-inhibitor molecule

-little to no reaction

-inhibitor molecule binds to allosteric site

competitive inhibition

-inhibitor binds to active site

-blocks active site → substrate cannot bind at all

-no reaction

ATP, adenosine triphosphate

cell’s energy shuttle

composed of:

-ribose sugar

-adenine

-3 phosphate groups

powers all activities of the cell

energy is stored in phosphate bonds

ATP hydrolysis

bonds between last two phosphate groups in the tail of ATP are broken through phosphorylation

energy is RELEASED as a result

phosphorylation

transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule such as a reactant

phosphorylated

molecule receives energy

respiration

making ATP (& some heat)

how do we harvest energy from fuels?

-digest large molecules into smaller ones

-break bonds and move electrons and hydrogens from one molecule to another

-as electrons move they carry energy, that can be stored in another bond

oxidation

electrons and hydrogen are lost

OIL

oxidation is loss of electrons

reduction

electrons and hydrogens are gained, energy is stored

RIG

reduction is gain of electrons

cellular respiration

goal: to make energy in the form of ATP

energy in glucose is converted and stored in ATP

-carbs are used as first source of energy, but any food can be used

-ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS

reaction

reactants:

-glucose: C6H12O6

-oxygen: O2

products:

-carbon dioxide: CO2

-water: H2O

energy is released in form of ATP but is not considered a product

inner membrane

folded membrane inside of the mitochondria; folds are called cristae

matrix

fluid-like substance that fills the space

steps of cellular respiration

1. glycolysis

2. pyruvate oxidation

3. krebs cycle

4. electron transport chain

anaerobic respiration

respiration without oxygen

occurs in cytosol

aerobic respiration

respiration with oxygen

occurs in mitochondria

glycolysis

breaking down glucose into molecules of pyruvate

ancient pathway

occurs in cytosol

inefficient production of ATP (only 2)

nadh and fadh2

coenzymes and electron carriers

taxi cabs produced to transport h+ ions and electrons to the electron transport chain

NADH IS ONLY GENERATED IN GLYCOLYSIS

glycolysis

converts: 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate

produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH

consumes; 2 ATP

net yield: 2 ATP AND 2 NADH

NADH

-reduced FROM NAD+

stored as free energy for ETC

branching point

oxygen is present in aerobic respiration

oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

• alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

done by animals and some fungi

occurs in humans when muscles do not get enough oxygen- causes soreness

lactic acid fermentation process

pyruvate is converted to lactic acid and 2 ATP

NADH is converted back to NAD+ to be recycled back into glycolysis

reversible

alcohol fermentation

occurs in single celled eukaryote called yeast, and bacteria

alcohol fermentation process

pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2

NADH is converted back into NAD+ to be used again in glycolysis

2 ATP produced

UNreversible

oxidation of pyruvate

occurs in mitochondrial matrix

occurs to pyruvate IF oxygen is available

oxidation of pyruvate

pyruvate is converted into 2 ACETYL COENZYME A and CO2

1. pyruvate loses a carbon and 2 oxygens → released as CO2

2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH

3. Coenzyme A is transferred to pyruvate

2 Aceytl CoA is produced and moves onto Krebs cycle

NADH gets saved for the ETC

krebs cycle

aka citric acid cycle

8 step pathway where each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

food being digested contributes to this

reduction of electron carriers at EACH STEP → generates LARGE amount of stored energy

2x for each molecule of pyruvate

outputs of krebs cycle

1 ATP generated 2x= 2 ATP

3 NADH generated 2x = 6 NADH

1 FADH2 generated 2x= 2 FADH

electron transport chain

occurs in the cristae

electrons are transported down to allow pumping of H+ molecules to create an H+ gradient

yields 36 ATP

aerobic

step one of etc

stripping H from electron carriers

electron carriers pass electrons and H+ to the ETC

1. H are removed from NADH and FADH

2. electrons are stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)

3. transport H+ in membrane pump across inner membrane to intermembrane space

step two of etc

oxidative phosphorylation

1. H+ are attracted to e- (opposites attract)

2. H+ flows down through ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

3. H+ and e- are reunited → join with oxygen to make water

equation for etc

NADH + FADH2 + O2 → H2O and ATP

consequences of no oxygen

• nothing can pull electrons down ETC

• NADH and FADH2 can’t unload H+

• ATP production ceases

  • cells run out of energy and die

food

where did glucose come from?

breakdown of glucose

where did CO2 come from?

ATP synthase

where did ATP come from?

heat

what else is produced that is not listed in the equation?

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 602 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

reusable

catalase is ____

not reusable

substrate is _____ ____________

bc - broken down into water and oxygen

denatured

hot water _______ the enzyme causing little bubbles to form, or little reaction

did not

No, freezing the liver ___ ____ affect the activity because a reaction still occurred and the liver still contained instructions for a reaction.

denatured the catalse

the low pH of the lemon juice (acid) ________ ____ _________, minimizing the activity

little

effect of high pH (base) on catalase activity was the catalase was a ____ denatured by the base

7

at what pH does catalase work best?

6 and 8

at what pH does catalase start to denature?

98

at what temperature does catalase work best?

kilo - hecto - deka - base unit - deci - centi - milli - macro - nano

metric system prefixes

x-axis

Displays independent variable

-manipulated

y-axis

Dependent variable

-measured

line graphs

Show relationship between independent and dependent variable

-ALWAYS use when dealing with time

-Shows change over time

-Compare more than one event

bar graphs

• Used to compare number amount between groups or categories

pie graphs

• Used to show percentages or how something can be broken down

scientific method

Systemic approach used in scientific study, whether it is chemistry, physics, biology or another science

observations

Description of something you can see, smell, taste, touch, or hear

-NOT an opinion

ex) Ground is wet

inferences

A guess about situation or outcome based on observations

-Make many inferences from single observation

ex) Ground is wet because it rained

law

• Broad concept or principle (HOW)

• Describes patterns in nature

• Facts

  ex) Newton’s Laws of Motion

theory

An explanation of an observed phenomenon

• Organizes facts and research from scientists to explain WHY

• NEVER becomes fact or law

ex) Evolutionary Theory

hypothesis

A testable prediction based on observations that describe a cause and effect relationship between variables

independent variable

What experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates in investigation

• X-Axis

• ONLY thing different between experimental groups

dependent variable

What changes/occurs in response to independent variable

• Y-Axis

• What is measured

experimental group

Receives treatment or is manipulated in some way

• Exposed to independent variable, can have multiple in an experiment

control group

Standard group

• Does not receive treatment, used for comparison

constants

Aspects of an experiment that are held consistent or the same

• Ensures all aspects of trial are identical

qualitative data

Describes qualities

ex) Green color

quantitative data

Uses numerical values to measure something

ex) 4 feet long

matter

Anything that has mass and occupies spaced

• Composed of atoms

CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY REARRANGED