Chapter 32 Homeostasis and Endocrine signaling

integrator

control center that determines if in the proper range

What is the integrator for body temp. control/ thermoregulation

hypothalamus

What occurs when the hypothalamus notice an increase in temperature

blood vessels dilate skin and more blood delivered to skin

What occurs when the hypothalamus notice a decrease in temperature

constricts blood vessels so less blood sent to skin and start to shiver

endocrine system

organs and tissues producing hormones

homeostatic system

endocrine system and hypothalamus

endocrine glands

collection of endocrine cells working to release hormones

diffuse endocrine system

individual endocrine cells in different organs

examples of endocrine glands

testes, ovaries, pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary, thyroid

three classes of hormones

peptides/proteins, amino acid derivatives, steroids

Examples of amino acid derivatives

catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin

Examples of steroids

sex steroid, corticosteroids

which hormones are soluble in water

peptide hormones ex. insulin

which hormones are not soluble in water/ lipophilic

steroids

characteristics of lipophilic hormones

travel through blood using transport proteins, bind to intracellular receptors, act over time

characteristics of hydrophilic hormones

soluble in blood, binds to extracellular receptor, have shorter active period

characteristics of t3 or t4 thyroid hormones

amino acid protein hormones that are lipophilic

which signals can be made ahead of time and where are they stored

hydrophilic signals and stored in secretory vesicles

why can lipophilic signals not be made ahead of time

will not stay in vesicle made of lipid bilayer

What happens to unused or deactivated hormones

removed by liver and kidney

what tissues is the pituitary gland made of

epithelial and nervous

what are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland controlled by

the hormones they stimulate

what tissue is the anterior pituitary gland made of

epithelial

what is the posterior pituitary gland made of

nervous tissue

What two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

What does ADH (peptide hormone) do

stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys and inhibit dialysis

oxytocin (peptide hormone) function

stimulates milk ejection and labor contractions

secretin function

targets the pancreas to raise the pH in the duodenum

exocrine gland

secretes substance through a duct

endocrine gland

secreting hormones into interstitial fluid

what portion of the pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus

posterior pituiatry gland

what does the hypothalamus use to control the anterior pituitary gland

portal system with tropic hormones

what does the portal system consist of

veins and two capillary beds

what hormones do anterior pituitary glands release

tropic hormones

What hormone released from the hypothalamus causes the release of TSH by the anterior pituitary gland

TRH

what hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland to tell the thyroid to release T3 and T4

TSH

What is different about the posterior pituitary gland

it is only storage and does not make its own hormones

Functions of the excretory system

regulating extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure, regulates osmolarity, maintains ion balance, regulates pH level, excretion of wastes

osmoconformers

organism is in osmatic equilibrium the the environment

What is the only vertebrate that is a strict osmoconformer

primitive hagfish

osmoregulators

maintains constant blood osmolarity even with different concentration in the environment

what can all osmoregulator vertebrates do

make their urine isotonic or hypotonic to blood

isotonic

having the same osmotic pressure as blood

hypotonic

having a lower osmotic pressure than blood

what kind of vertebrates can create hypertonic urine

mammals and birds

why is it necessary to pee

to remove toxic nitrogenous wastes

what nitrogenous waste product do aquatic animals have

ammonia (NH3)

what nitrogenous waste product do mammals have

urea

what nitrogenous waste product do reptiles make

uric acid (crystal)

How to freshwater fish deal with the intake of water due to having open gills and being hypertonic

excrete diluted urine

How do freshwater fish deal with solutes leaving the body due to their blood being more hypertonic

kidney reabsorbs ions across nephrons and send ATP fueled transport ions across gills into blood

What transports Na and Cl from H20 into the fish capillaries

gill epithelial cells

What do freshwater fish gain and lose across gills

gain H2o and lose salt

What do saltwater fish gain and lose across fills

gain salt and lose water

how do saltwater fish deal with their gain and loss across the gills

produce little urine and drink seawater but use energy to transport salt out through gill epithelial cells

osmolarity of salt and freshwater fish

300 mOsm/L

where do nephrons feed into the kidneys

renal pelvis