Lecture 2 Great Diseases of The World Flash Cards

What are the three layers of body’s defense against pathogens?

1. Physical/mechanical, chemical and microbiological barriers

2. Innate immunity

   1. existing mechanisms prior to infection

3. adaptive immunity (acquired immunity)

   1. mechanisms after developed infection

Describe how mucous layer and microbiological barriers prevent pathogen infection at mucosal surfaces

• the closed surface of the skin acts as a physical barrier that prevents germs from entering

• Acid, enzymes, and mucus prevent bacteria and viruses from growing

  • lysozyme - enzyme that can digest the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria

• tears, sweat, urine stop germs from settling

What are the immune cells and molecules present in blood

Cells

• Neutrophils

• Lymphocytes

• Monocytes

• Basophils

• Eosinophils

Molecules

• Antibodies

• Complement

• Cytokines

What are the two arms of the immune system?

1. Innate immunity

   1. existing mechanisms prior to infection

2. adaptive immunity (acquired immunity)

   1. mechanisms after developed infection

What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate - “non-specific” (responds the same way to all germs and foreign substances), quicker response

Adaptive -”specific” (targets the specific germ causing infection), slower response, accurate, “remembers” the germ (the idea behind vaccines)

What are different cellular and molecular components of innate immunity?

Cellular

• Cytokines

• Complement

Molecular

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

• Macrophage

• Mast cells

• Dendritic cells

• Natural killer (NK) cells

What are different cellular and molecular components of adaptive immunity?

Cellular:

• B-cells

• T-cells

Molecules

• Antibodies

• Cytokines

What are cytokines?

• chemical messengers

• Small glycoproteins are secreted by cells, and they are involved in signaling between cells through specific receptors.

What are the two arms of the adaptive immune system?

• Humoral Immunity (Antibody-based)

• Cell-Mediated immunity

Describe how T cells recognize antigens.

they have receptors on their surfaces that recognize the germ (like a lock and key)

• if it recognizes the antigen then the T cells will multiply

What are the primary functions of helper T (TH) cells and cytotoxic T (TC) cells

• Helper T Cells - send signals to B cells that match the same germs as they do.

  • activate B cells (B Lymphocytes)

• Cytotoxic - kill pathogen infected hosts

What type of adaptive immune responses are important for protection against viral pathogens?

• response is generated after infection

• slow response

• highly specific responses

• have memory response