human development chapter 2

peters

Behavioral Genetics

the scientific study of the interplay between the genetic and environmental contributions to behavior

Genotype Environment Correlations

the processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environmen

Passive genotype-environment correlation

occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides

Evocative genotype-environment correlation

refers to how the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics

Active genotype-environment correlation

occurs when individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencie

Genotype-Environment Interactions

genetic susceptibility to the environment

early growth and development study

360 adopted kids

kids who have parents with psychopathy experience less tendencies with adoptive parents with strict rules

elevated psychopathology in adoptive parents increased the risk for the children’s development of behavior problems, but only when the biological parents’ psychopathology was high

environmental effects on behavior differ based on the genotype, especially stressful environments on genetically at-risk children

Epigenetics

studies modifications in DNA that affect gene expression and are passed on when the cells divide

nutrition, stress, and teratogens

Teratogens

environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, and include some maternal diseases, pollutants, drugs and alcohol

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) most severe form of FASD is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

share certain physical features such as: Flattened noses, small eye holes, and small heads

Cognitively, these children have poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ score

Tobacco

fetus is exposed to dangerous chemicals including: nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar

second hand and third hand smoke do the same damages to the fetus

Prescription/Over-the-Counter Drugs

About 70% of pregnant women take at least one prescription drug.

Some prescription drugs can cause birth defects, problems in overall health, and development of the fetus.

Over-the-counter drugs are also a concern during the prenatal period because they may cause certain health problem

Illicit Drugs

cocaine, ecstasy and other club drugs, heroin, marijuana, and prescription drugs that are abused.

The use of cocaine is connected with low birth weight, stillbirths and spontaneous abortion. Heavy marijuana use is associated with problems in brain development.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

Pollutants

- Lead

- Pesticides

- Bisphenol A (BPA)

- Radiation

- Mercury

- Toxoplasmosis

- STDs

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV positive mothers who take antiviral medications during their pregnancy greatly reduce the chance of passing the virus to the fetus.

The risk of transmission is less than 2 percent; in contrast, it is 25 percent if the mother does not take antiretroviral drugs.

Long term risks of prenatal exposure to the medication are not known.

It is recommended that women with HIV deliver the child by c-section, and that after birth they avoid breastfeeding

German measles (or rubella)

If the birthing person contracts the disease during the first three months of pregnancy, damage can occur in the eyes, ears, heart or brain of the unborn child.

Deafness is almost certain if the birthing person has German measles before the 11th week of prenatal development and can also cause brain damage

Mental Health during Pregnancy

● Stress

Common during pregnancy.

High levels can cause complications including premature birth, low-birth weights.

Stress-related hormones may cause these complications by affecting a birthing person’s immune systems resulting in an infection and premature birth

Mental Health during Pregnancy

● Depression

Can occur before, during, or after pregnancy

Consequences of depression include the baby being born premature, having a low birthweight, being more irritable, less active, less attentive, and having fewer facial expressions

Mental Health during Pregnancy

● Paternal Impact

The age of those who are biologically male at the time of conception is also an important factor in health risks for children.

According to Nippoldt (2015) offspring of biological males over 40 face an increased risk of miscarriages, autism, birth defects, achondroplasia (bone growth disorder) and schizophrenia

Preparing for Childbirth

refers to being not only in good physical condition to help provide a healthy environment for the baby to develop, but also helping individuals to prepare to accept their new roles as parents

The Lamaze Method

The emphasis of this method is on teaching the birthing individual to be in control in the process of deliver

Bradley Birth Method

Known as "husband-coached childbirth," it strictly teaches that the body is designed to birth without drugs or medical interventions. It actively discourages pain meds, inductions, and routine hospital interventions

aka stupid

Who and Where

● Midwife or OB-GYN

● Doula

● Hospital or Birthing Center

● Home Birth

Low Birth Weight

A child is considered low birth weight if he or she weighs less than 5 pounds 8 ounces (2500 grams).

About 8.2 percent of babies born in the United States are of low birth weight

Preterm and Small for Date

A newborn might also have a low birth weight if it is born at less than 37 weeks gestation, which qualifies it as a preterm baby.

Early birth can be triggered by anything that disrupts the birthing individual’s system.

Postpartum Maternal Concerns baby blues

feelings of sadness that occur 3 to 5 days after having a baby, and typically disappear usually within 10 days of the birth.

New mothers/parents may have trouble sleeping, be moody, and feel let-down from the birthing experience

Postpartum Maternal Concerns ppd

a type of depression that occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following pregnancy.

Changing hormone levels are thought to be a factor in the occurrence of peripartum depression, however, risk factors include having depression previously, a family history of depression, being younger than 20, experiencing stress, and substance us

Postpartum Maternal Concerns anxiety

because oxytocin, a bonding hormone, rises during pregnancy, brain areas related to empathy and anxiety are heightened.

Consequently, the new mother/parent is “hard-wired” to respond to and fend for their baby, which can lead to toxic levels of stress and anxiety