Sociology Final

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121 Terms

1

Social Fact

products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exists externally to any person.

  • Raising Hand in Class

  • Coined by Durkheim

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2

Sociological Sympathy

the skill of understanding others as they know themselves 

  • Harriet Martineau

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3

Culture

differences in groups’ shared ideas, objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas

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4

Ethnocentrism

assuming one’s own culture is superior to others

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5

Embodied Culture

how one holds themselves through their culture (tattoos, long hair)

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Social Construction

1.) the process by which we layer objects with ideas

2.) fold concepts into each other

3.) build connections between them

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Research Ethics

the set of moral principles that guide empirical inquiry

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Types of Research

-Microsociology: intricate studies of everyday interaction

-Macrosociology: elaborate studies of large-scale social trends

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9

Herbert Blumer

coined symbolic interactionalism: the theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality

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10

George Herbert Mead

-”I” and “ME”

  • I: subject of thought

  • judgment/judgment calls 

  • Sets our goals & evaluates progress

  • It makes sure we are making good impressions

  • Me: the object of thought

  • The self we see in the mirror

  • Personal person

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11

Social Identities

the socially constructed categories and subcategories of people in which we place ourselves or are placed by others

  • race

  • gender

  • sexual orientation

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12

Durkheim’s view of sociology as a science

 In staking a claim on sociology as a science, Durkheim made society into an object of empirical inquiry, meaning that it involves looking to the world for evidence with which scientists can test their hunches. Scientists call this evidence data, or systematically collected sets of empirical observations.

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Protestant Work Ethic

the idea that one’s character can and should be measured by one’s dedication to paid work

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14

Breaching

Purposefully breaking/testing the social norm to see how others respond

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15

Stratification Systems (eg. Open/closed)

-Open: allows people to move from one social class to another (social mobility)

-social rank is determined through achieved status

Closed: accommodate little change in social position

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16

Ethnomethodology

research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of all soical interactions

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17

The New Deal

politicians in many countries passed laws to protect the proletariat and rein in the bourgeoisie

  • progressive

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18

Types of Deviance

-Criminal deviance: behaviors/beliefs considered

-Social deviance: behaviors/beliefs violating social norms attracting negative sanctions

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19

Harold Garfinkle

  • ethnomethodology

  • tic tac toe experiment - social norm and conformity

  • breaching

    • we all play social rules, we don’t recognize until we show them they are false

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20

Conflict theorist

Karl Marx, Ida. B Wells, W.E.B Du Bois

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21

Neutralization Techniques

1.) Denial; of responsibility

2.) Denial of injury

3.) Denial of victim

4.) Condemnation of Consumers

5.) Appeal to higher loyalties

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22

Social Rules

A culturally specific set of laws, regulations, and norms that guide our behavior

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23

Legitimation

a process by which a potentially controversial social fact is made acceptable

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24

Role of agriculture in creating stratification

the surplus food production generated by villages in the vicinity allowed some residents not to participate in food production

  • relates to stratification because we people at the top and the bottom

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Measures of central tendency

Mean: sum of all the numbers divided by the number of numbers

Median: middle number in a number set (used to determine income)

Mode: most often

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Free Market Capitalism

a capitalistic system with little to no government intervention

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Stratification Systems

  1. Caste system: ones found in parts of South Asia, people stayed in whatever stratified layer of society they were born into → passing it onto their children

  2. Class systems: ones that sort people into different positions in an economic hierarchy but also let them rise and fall

  3. Feudal systems: typical of Europe in the Middle Ages, rich and powerful people born into nobility regained over a peasant class; the peasants worked with the nobleman’s land and received protection from neighboring armies

  4. Enslavement system: an economic elite was allowed to legally own a class of humans and exploit them for their labor

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28

Americans’ beliefs about poverty

  • don’t believe as much as there really is

  • feminization of poverty, women and children

  • gender pay gap

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29

New Deal

  • post great depression to stabilize

    • social security, Medicare, stabilize economy

    • creatin of security net programs, cared for people in the system

    • racialized still

    • This made the economy somewhat less beneficial for the bourgeoisie and more beneficial for the proletariat.

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Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of resources used to create wealth and the rights of individuals to profit personally

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Free market capitalism

a capitalist system with little or no government is needed

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Welfare capitalism

a capitalist economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population.

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Income

steady sources of money

  • wages, salary, regular interest payments, social assistance, pensions, alimony

  • intergenerational

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Wealth

assets include investments like stocks, bonds, or whatever someone can spend.

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intergenerational advantage/disadvantage

the kind passed from parents to children

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Social stratification

persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies

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hypersegregation

residential segregation is so extreme that many people’s daily lives involve little or no contact with people or other races

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Health relations to zip codes

living conditions common in zip codes with higher percentages of Black people increased the likelihood that they would contract the virus

  • five most important numbers for health outcomes

  • neighborhood environmental racism

  • high income thresholds, more likely to have healthcare

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39

Resource deserts

places that lack beneficial or critical amenities

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40

Impact of the invention of agriculture

  • Starting around 12,000 years ago

  • Agriculture triggered such a change in society and how people lived that its development has been dubbed the “Neolithic Revolution.” 

  • Humans have followed traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyles since their evolution, but they were swept aside in favor of permanent settlements and a reliable food supply.

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Types of institutionalized economic inequality systems

Caste systems - ones found in parts of South Asia, people stayed in whatever stratified layer of society they were born into for a lifetime, passing their status to their children.

Feudal systems - typical of Europe in the Middle ages, rich and powerful individuals born into nobility reigned over a peasants class; the peasants worked the nobleman’s land and received protection from neighboring armies

Enslavement - an economic elite was allowed to legally own a class of humans and exploit them for their labor

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42

Residential segregation

the sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods

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43

White fight

organized white resistance to integration

  • pacts to not sell houses to someone who isn’t white

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White flight

a phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when a minority of residents begin to move in

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45

Capuchin monkey experiment

social inequity aversion - emotional discomfort resulting from witnessing or experiencing an unfair outcome

  • cucumber and grapes

  • general aversion, why we don’t rattle the bars like the monkeys did

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46

Michael Young

  • coined meritocracy in 1958

  • Book: In the dystopian era, with the abundance and variety of human talent, a person’s worth is wholly determined by their performance on a standardized IQ test

  • In true “modern” fashion, the meritocracy ranked everyone on a scale of better to worse

  • looking at the individual rather than structural

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Meritocracy

ranking everyone on a simple scale of “better” to “worse” and it did so with brutal efficiency and mathematical confidence.

  • assumes that individuals have achieved a level of success equal to their personal effort

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Educational inequality

unequal distribution of academic resources, such as funding, teachers, books, and technology, to different communities.

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how schools are primarily funded

  • state education property tax

  • government aid

  • local contributors

  • consequence of residential segregation

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adultification

a form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children

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colorism

prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark skin compared to those with light skin, regardless of race

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criminalizing marijuana

  • The first U.S laws to criminalize the plant were passed in the 1920s in response to the anti-immigration segment (prompted by an increase in illegal Mexican immigrants fleeing a civil war)

  • Anti-immigrant propaganda suggested that the Mexicans were importing drugs and bringing crime

  • Marijuana - Spanish word to stigmatize and criminalize Mexican immigrants

  • Made it look dangerous – “evil weed” = murder, suicide, SV, communism, interracial couples, and “maniacal deeds.”

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War on drugs

  • The effort in the United States since the 1970s to combat illegal drug use by greatly increasing: 

  • Increasing penalties

  • Enforcement

  • Incarceration of drug offenders

  • high incarceration

  • purely ways to attack poor communities of color

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54

Durkheim’s types of solidarity

Mechanical solidarity: the kind of social cohesion that comes from familiarity and similarity. Each person was known to all the others, and they were all quite alike

Organic solidarity: a social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals have on each other in more advanced societies

  • organic solidarity replaced mechanical solidarity, how we differed from others became an important part of our identity.

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Cross-institutional advantage

a phenomenon in which people are optimistic or negative across multiple institutions

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Gender in sports/male flight

Male flight: a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

  • women start to enter male fields we see men leave

  • value and pay less in those fields

  • give less soical status

    • ex) cheerleaders

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57

talcott parsons

  • structural functionalist

  • argued men and women are opposite sexes, naturally different and with contrasting strengths/weaknesses

  • argued breadwinner/homemaker marriage was a perfect balance between masculine and feminine

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58

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

  • argued that family form was not functional; it was failing

  • in order to salvage the family we need to have more heterosexual couples getting married

    • anyone having children should be getting married

  • housewives were bored and depressed (self medicated)

  • wrote a widely publicized report for the U.S. government in which he argued that poverty among Black Americans was caused by their failure to adhere to the breadwinner/homemaker model (while downplaying interpersonal and institutional discrimination).14 Specifically, he blamed the “reversed roles of husband and wife,” suggesting that Black women were insufficiently subordinate to their husbands and Black men insufficiently dominant over their wives.

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59

Traditional marriage

the man is the breadwinner, and the woman is a homemaker

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Companionate marriage

spouses having mutual interests in their careers and children

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61

Gendered divisions of labor

  • women are more likely to do more of the second shift labor

  • jobs that pay less

  • funnel women int social work, education and car providing fields, pay less

the institutional rules, norms, and practices that govern the allocation of tasks between women/men/boys/girls also contribute the gender division of labor, which is seen as variable over time and space and constantly under negotiation.

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62

Androcentrism

the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femineity

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63

Heteronormativity

the assumption that the “default” or “correct sexual orientation is straight (heterosexual)

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sexism

the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female

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gendered hierarchies

concept in feminist theory that readers to the unequal distribution of power, resources and opportunities between men and women

  • masculinity is placed above femininity

  • more nuanced within men

  • hegemonic masculinity (ideal masculinity)

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Impact of COVID on the gendered division of labor and job market

  • Compared to men, women in a range of countries were more likely to be laid off, fired, or have their paid work reduced 

  • This is because they were concentrated in service occupations directly impacted by COVID-related mandates and shifts in consumption patterns 

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Feminization of poverty

a concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cis gender men at the top

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Global care chains

a series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers

  • ex) wealthy white woman has children, she hires a nanny who is form another country who then sends money to her family. She then pays someone less to take care of her kids

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hegemonic masculinity

the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

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70

dual-earner households

  • the most common kind, even among married mix-sex couples with kids

  • x2 as many dual earner partnerships union as there are breadwinner/homemaker marriages

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increase in women in workplaces during WWII

  • # of women in the workforce – 1939-26% to 1943-36%

  • 5 million women entering the workforce between 1940-1945

  • Worked in factories, schools, hospitals, offices, and National Service, building ships, tanks, and bombs for the war

  • capitalist economy needed workers, men were at war, middle-class white women

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Frames

a succunct claim as to the nature of a social fact

  • an assertion that an event or issue is a case of a particular thing and not a case of something else

  • BLM

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Counter Frame

frames meant to challenge existing social movements’ frame

  • ALM

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Cultural Constraints

taboos, sanction, laws - sanctions are supportive of norms, while punishments are applied to those who do not conform and reward those who do

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Cultural Opportunities

an accommodation for a cultural conviction unique to an individual’s culture

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The social construction of social problems

the process of coming to see a personal struggle as an issue of public concern

  • drunk driving might seem as an individual problem. but is a social problem. There is a lack of public transportation and the alternatives, like Uber, are expensive

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Economic constraints

external factors that limit a business’s freedom to do what it wants - factors are usually out of their control (inflation rates)

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Economic Opportunities

situations where people have an equal chance to earn a living wage

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power elite

a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in critical social institutions

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C. Wright Mills

  • social imagination

  • The Power Elite

  • argued the power elite actively conspire to maintain control of their societies

    • in practice, we see policies are made to be power consolidated

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81

Frances Fox Piven

  • coined interdependent power

  • Social movements can transform society through interdependent power in a globalized and increasingly capitalist world

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interdependent power

the power of noncooperation

  • when the outcomes of individuals are affected by their own and other’s actions

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Positive interdependence

the actions to promote the achievement of joint goals

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negative interdependence

the actions that obstruct the achievement of each other’s goals

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Social Capital

the number of people we know and the resources they can offer us

  • power elite use their money, connections, and symbolic resources to attain powerful positions in their societies

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cultural capital

symbolic resources that communicate one’s social status

  • style, personality, skills, knowledge

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repertoire of contention

  • coined by Charles Tilly

shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions

  • how we understand why or how people engage in movements

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master frames

culturally resonant frames that can be used across many different social movements causes

  • frames that re picked up by many social movement groups at once

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critical event

a sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates nonactivist to become politically active

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insurgent consciousness

a recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action

  • creating collective in order to fight against that social problem we decide to be a problem

  • have to rile up and create insurgent consciousness

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climate change

  • Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns 

  • Burning coal, gas, and oil 

    • Produce the most C02 emissions

    • Europe (33%)

    • North America (29%)

    • Africa (3%)

    • South America (3%)

    • Oceania (1.2%)

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climate activism

a person who actively campaign to have issues of climate change recognized and addressed (Greta Thunberg)

  • primarily young people

  • driven by the global north but felt by the global south

  • mass migrations/conflict

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globalization

the social processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across nation-states

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world system

a global market organized by a capitalistic economy

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colonialism

a practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain

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role of transnational corporations

involved with the international production of goods and series, foreign investments, or income and asses management in more than one country

  • situated in core economies

    • most of the high market high capital is located in core nations

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Core countries

robust state machinery and developed national culture

  1. United States

  2. Canada

  3. Western Europe (most of it)

  4. Japan

  5. Australia

  6. New Zealand

  • extracts from semi and peripheral

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Semi-peripheral countries

contribute to manufacturing and exportation of goods

  1. Argentina 

  2. China

  3. India

  4. Brazil 

  5. Mexico 

  6. Indonesia 

  7. Iran

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global imagined community

a socially constructed in-group based on a shared planet

  • first and foremost earthlings; our in-group is the human race

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critical event

a sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates nonactivist to become politically active

  • murder of George Floyd

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