Chapter 23 AP Euro McKay

Romanticism

19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. Romantic music was no longer calm and soothing, it violently encouraged passions.

Conservatism

Wanting to go back to the old ways or keep things the same. Extreme conservatism = reactionary

Dual Revolution

When economic and political revolution go hand in hand.

Liberalism

DIFFERENT from today's liberalism- this is actually wanting more freedom and rights and wanting a democracy.

Nationalism

A strong patriotic feeling for one's country. Is linked to liberalism in that is encourages self determination and cultural unity.

Laissez Faire

Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Iron Law of Wages

Says that wages will always be at sustenance level because of the pressure of population growth.

Socialism

When the government controls every aspect of life- property, money, wages, and religion.

Marx's Theory of Historical Evolution

Says that revolutions occur in cycles- first the nobles revolted against kings once the kings took power, then the bourgeoisie revolted when the nobles took too much power, so it is only a matter of time until the proletariat revolts.

Classicism

What the Romantics were rebelling against. It was almost quiet and conservative.

Republicanism

Wanting to vote for representatives in government.

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance between Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain. Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and repress revolutionary uprisings following the French Revolution.

The Hundred Days

When Napoleon escaped from Elba and stormed Paris. Louis XVIII ran away until other European countries put Napoleon in St. Helena.

National Workshops

Factories funded by the government to guarantee jobs.

Wealth of Nations

Written by Adam Smith, encouraged laissez-faire.

Alexander Ypsilanti

He was a Greek nationalist who led them in 1821 to fight for the freedom of Turkey. The rising national movement led to the formation of secret societies and then to revolt.

Chartists

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

Karl Marx

A radical that wanted the government to own all property, he also wanted to people to have VIOLENT revolutions.

Louis Philippe

Was placed on the throne after Charles X tried taking too much power whilst taking Algiers. He agreed to the revolutionaries' demands, but he said that not much had changed at all.

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views

William Wordsworth

A Romantic writer that was very close to nature. He also hated the Ind. Rev. because it was destroying nature.

Victor Hugo

Wrote the Hunchback of Notre Dame. He believed in universal suffrage- the Hunchback wanted to be accepted and he was. Liked republics.

Constitutional Charter of 1814

Issued by Louis XVII, accepted many of France's revolutionary changes, guaranteed civil liberties, established constitutional monarchy. However, it only allowed the very rich to vote.

Corn Laws

A tariff on all imported grains in 1815. This was to insure a stable price of grain and eliminate some competition against local sellers. The Corn Laws were supported by the conservative Tories (they owned land/farm, probably produced grain therefore benefited) but was opposed by the Whigs (they were for laissez-faire economics, and this was the opposite). However, the Corn Laws kept the price of food high, so the workers did not really benefit. Repealed in 1846.

Ten Hours Act of 1847

British Act that limited the workday for women and children to ten hours.

Walter Scott

This Scottish Romantic poet used history to write his poems

Eugene Delacroix

Painted "Liberty Leading the People," (the Viva la Vida cover). He was a romantic but focused more on the battles for natural human nature.

Beethoven

A Romantic composer.

George Sand

Lucie Dupin, she was a French female author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women. She wrote about things most people would hardly talk about because she was using a pen name.

Congress of Troppau

Metternich was horrified because of the revolution rising once again. Calling a conference at Troppau in Austria under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance, Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened.

Congress System

All of the European countries could meet and discuss wars to prevent them.

Frankfurt Assembly

1848: Liberals met at Frankfurt Assembly and demanded political unity; offered the throne of united Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia; he refused the notion of a throne offered by "the people." They also tried to get Shleswig and Holstein, but neither them or Denmark got them- they made their own state. Really failed because they were too scared.

Jules Michelet

French historian and Nationalist who authored "The People" in 1846. Believed in nationalist harmony and an eventual global superstate created by nationalism.

Frederick William IV

Was offered the crown by the Frankfurt Assembly, but refused it. He refused the offer of becoming emperor of the German states on the grounds that, if he were elected by the people, he could not be a king by "divine right."

Holy Alliance

A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna.

Saint-Simon

Wanted to get rid of "parasites" or the lawyers, factory owners, and aristocracy to make room for the "doers" or working class.

Fourier

Wanted the TOTAL emancipation of WOMEN. That meant that there should be no marriage, since men only married to get the dowry. One of the more controversial socialists.

Blanc

Wanted the working class to agitate the government for rights. Gave France government factories to ensure full employment.

Proudhon

Another controversy, he actually feared the government since it stole property from the working class.

Greek Revolution

Caused by years of brutal Turkish rulers. They were unified by Greek Orthodoxy and language/tradition. Alexander Ypsilanti led the first revolt, and romantic artists supported them tremendously by making the subject of their works. Eventually, Europe helped out (Metternich was originally against it) and they placed a German prince on the throne. Greece became a protectorate of Russia, along with Romania.

Anti-Corn Law League

Was a Whig-liberal-radical combo of interests. Wage earners objected to Corn Laws because food prices were high. Industrialists objected because it caused wage inflation. League organized like a political party. The famine in Ireland provided the final push, since famine now was possible in England. Finally, the Tories under Sir Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws.

Reform Bill of 1832

Whigs wrote it and got the king to create enough supporters to pass it. It made the House of Commons more important because it could threaten the House of Lords more. Lastly, more parts of England could vote for the House of Commons.

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon (Louis) III in 1850. Napoleon was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. People voted for him because the alliances between the working class and moderates broke. War ensued, so people mostly just wanted peace.

Government Workshops

This wasn't a good plan for the French because there were too many unemployed people for just Paris to handle. They only put the workshops in Paris, and unemployed people flocked there.

Hungary Revolts

They broke down because Austria made different nationalities within Hungary fight with each other. Since they were fighting, they never got a constitution drawn up, and Austria retook power.

Archduchess Sophia

Conservative Bavarian princess who married the Brother of Ferdinand I. Became a rallying point for conservatives and acted quickly to crush revolution within Austria and Prussia. With nobles, forced Ferdinand to make her son heir to throne.

Robert Peel

A Tory that joined with Whigs and a minority of his own party to repeal Corn Laws in 1846 and allow free imports of grain.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist that said that people are, in reality, working for all humanity.